European-Christian slavery is often written about, and often misunderstood. Arab-Islamic slavery is not even misunderstood, it is often simply denied. Arab Muslims have not only been aggressive in war and colonizing Afrikan land, they also have a long history of forcing Afrikans into slavery. The Arab is Afrika’s forgotten enslaver and colonizer. This is a very neglected part of history that must be exposed, if not for any other reason, because this plague still haunts Afrika today.
While there are many who say, “Afrikans enslaved each other,” a line must be drawn between cultural servitude and slavery. Slavery was based on dehumanizing people for capital gain, and was not absent of torture, and many other inhumane crimes. Afrikans did not commit atrocities of that kind against each other until they had contact with foreigners. If one studies the Dark Ages in Europe, that period is filled with inhumane atrocities, one after the other.
Afrikans, however, held other Afrikans in cultural servitude because they were prisoners of war, owed unpaid debts, or committed crimes. These people in servitude had a level of humanity that was not common with the enslaved Afrikan in America. The servants could own land and even marry into the family of their owner. However, the slavery that exists in Afrika today is a result of foreign influence.
John Blassingame’s The Slave Community is one of the rare books which explores some aspects of Arab-Islamic slavery. Slavery in the Arab-Islamic world has not been very different from slavery in the Americas. Ironically, Blassingame notes, many Muslim captives were Europeans who were thoroughly acculturated into the Islamic worldview (49-50). These white slaves were treated with all the brutality that Afrikans suffered in the New World under slavery.
Muslims enslaved upwards of a million Europeans in North and West Afrika, and many were traded throughout the Arab world. They were tortured, beaten, and starved to the point of fighting dogs and camels for food; eventually, many turned to cannibalism. Men were used for heavy labor and other work, and women were generally concubines.
Blassingame outlines the very significant, but often ignored, history about Islamic slavery (49-65). Blassingame notes that there were battles with Muslims and Christians, after the Moorish occupation of Spain, which resulted in an extensive network of exchange in enslavement and ransoming between the Muslims and Europeans (49-50). This was an early stimulus to what spilled over in the New World as the Transatlantic slave trade. The history of slavery is often corrupted. European slavery is sugarcoated, Arab slavery is denied, and Afrikan servitude (which was not slavery at all) is falsified.
Interestingly, Ronald Segal, a white Jew, has done significant research in his book Islam’s Black Slaves. He provides an overview of the historical role of the Arab slave trade in Afrikan people. Beginning with the rise of Islam in the seventh century to the present, Arabs and their Black collaborators have been engaged in enslaving Afrikans over a period of 1,400 years. The Arab slave trade has been just as extensive, or more so, when compared to the European slave trade in both numbers and sheer brutality.
From Egypt, the Red Sea, and east Afrika, countless millions were sold and dispersed throughout the Islamic world. Afrikans going faithfully on the pilgrimage to Mecca were sometimes tricked or outright captured and sold into slavery. Arab slavery was both systematic and cruel. Segal explains that Afrikans were used as concubines (sex slaves), eunuchs (castrated guards or soldiers), domestic workers, civil servants, and in other areas of forced labor. The Arab onslaught against Afrika was long and continuous.
Another eye-opening book on the subject, The Legacy of Arab-Islam in Africa, is by John Alembillah Azumah, an Afrikan Ghanaian. Azumah, while covering much of the same history that Segal does, focuses his research on Islam in West Afrika, Nigeria in particular. Azumah does a very impressive job at researching the racist and/or culturally bigoted philosophical arguments of Muslims against the humanity of Afrikans. The geographer Ibn Hawqal of the tenth century, Ibn Khaldun the historian of the 14th century, the Iranian philosopher Nasir Tusi of the 13th century, Ahmad Baba the famous Afrikan Muslim scholar of Timbuktu, are some of the Arabs and/or Muslims that Azumah quoted to prove that overtly racist and anti-Afrikan thought was/is common in Islam, contrary to popular belief.
Azumah gives historical background to the jihad movements (or Holy Wars) in West Afrika in the eighteenth and nineteenth century that decimated Afrikan people and cultures. Some of the jihadist who declared wars on Afrikan Spirituality and culture were Imam Nasir al-Din, Uthman Dan Fodio, al-Hajj Umar Tal, and others. Equally, Azumah discusses the devastating results on Afrikans by the Islamic slave trade and the Shari’a which is the law of imposition of Arab and Islamic supremacy over non-Muslims. He does a great job at exposing the history of Islam in relation to Afrika which has been denied for so long by Muslims and Muslim apologists.
I do have one disagreement with Azumah. He is a cultural pluralist and believes that an inter-religious dialogue is key to the future cooperation of people in the various religions of the world, in particular in Afrika. He may not be totally wrong, but I believe that we Afrikan people must propagate and redeem our Spirituality, secure our lands and resources from foreign theft, and unite Afrikan nation with each Afrikan nation before we can engage in true inter-religious dialog with Muslims, Christians, or Jews. In other words, before we can have inter-religious dialogue, Afrikan people must redeem their Spirituality and worldview. Otherwise, Afrikan people will sit at the table of humanity and defend the worldviews of foreigners who invaded Afrika, enslaved the people, and imposed their worldviews.
The Arab slave trade in North and in East Africa had been a well-established institution long before the Arabs accepted Islam. With the rise of Islam in the seventh century, they used this new religion as further justification for their involvement in the slave trade. Islam, like Christianity, declared war on all forms of African religion and culture and later denied that Africans had anything worthy of being called a religion or a culture (2). In the Arab World by William R. Polk we learn that Sudan was particularly important for the [Arab Muslim] Egyptians as a hunting ground for slaves and, of course, as the conduit or source - no one knew which - of the Nile floods upon which the life of Egypt was wholly dependent (151).
Also, Polk states:
In the early years of the nineteenth century, the Swiss traveler John Lewis Burckhardt estimated that Egypt [Arabs in Egypt] had approximately 40,000 slaves. ‘I have reason to believe, however’, he wrote, ‘ that the number exported from Soudan to Egypt and Arabia, bears only a small proportion of those kept by the Mussalmans of the southern countries themselves, or in other words to the whole number yearly derived by purchase, or by force, from the nations of the interior of Africa… (152)
Mohammed Ali controlled western Arabia and both Mecca and Medina from Egypt. He sent a military expedition on a slave hunt into the Sudan in 1820 to acquire a cheap source of slaves and gold for his empire. Ali was not the first to do so and would not be last. He was continuing an old Arab tradition of banditry, kidnapping, enslavement, and murder.
While there are many who say, “Afrikans enslaved each other,” a line must be drawn between cultural servitude and slavery. Slavery was based on dehumanizing people for capital gain, and was not absent of torture, and many other inhumane crimes. Afrikans did not commit atrocities of that kind against each other until they had contact with foreigners. If one studies the Dark Ages in Europe, that period is filled with inhumane atrocities, one after the other.
Afrikans, however, held other Afrikans in cultural servitude because they were prisoners of war, owed unpaid debts, or committed crimes. These people in servitude had a level of humanity that was not common with the enslaved Afrikan in America. The servants could own land and even marry into the family of their owner. However, the slavery that exists in Afrika today is a result of foreign influence.
***
John Blassingame’s The Slave Community is one of the rare books which explores some aspects of Arab-Islamic slavery. Slavery in the Arab-Islamic world has not been very different from slavery in the Americas. Ironically, Blassingame notes, many Muslim captives were Europeans who were thoroughly acculturated into the Islamic worldview (49-50). These white slaves were treated with all the brutality that Afrikans suffered in the New World under slavery.
Muslims enslaved upwards of a million Europeans in North and West Afrika, and many were traded throughout the Arab world. They were tortured, beaten, and starved to the point of fighting dogs and camels for food; eventually, many turned to cannibalism. Men were used for heavy labor and other work, and women were generally concubines.
Blassingame outlines the very significant, but often ignored, history about Islamic slavery (49-65). Blassingame notes that there were battles with Muslims and Christians, after the Moorish occupation of Spain, which resulted in an extensive network of exchange in enslavement and ransoming between the Muslims and Europeans (49-50). This was an early stimulus to what spilled over in the New World as the Transatlantic slave trade. The history of slavery is often corrupted. European slavery is sugarcoated, Arab slavery is denied, and Afrikan servitude (which was not slavery at all) is falsified.
***
Interestingly, Ronald Segal, a white Jew, has done significant research in his book Islam’s Black Slaves. He provides an overview of the historical role of the Arab slave trade in Afrikan people. Beginning with the rise of Islam in the seventh century to the present, Arabs and their Black collaborators have been engaged in enslaving Afrikans over a period of 1,400 years. The Arab slave trade has been just as extensive, or more so, when compared to the European slave trade in both numbers and sheer brutality.
From Egypt, the Red Sea, and east Afrika, countless millions were sold and dispersed throughout the Islamic world. Afrikans going faithfully on the pilgrimage to Mecca were sometimes tricked or outright captured and sold into slavery. Arab slavery was both systematic and cruel. Segal explains that Afrikans were used as concubines (sex slaves), eunuchs (castrated guards or soldiers), domestic workers, civil servants, and in other areas of forced labor. The Arab onslaught against Afrika was long and continuous.
***
Another eye-opening book on the subject, The Legacy of Arab-Islam in Africa, is by John Alembillah Azumah, an Afrikan Ghanaian. Azumah, while covering much of the same history that Segal does, focuses his research on Islam in West Afrika, Nigeria in particular. Azumah does a very impressive job at researching the racist and/or culturally bigoted philosophical arguments of Muslims against the humanity of Afrikans. The geographer Ibn Hawqal of the tenth century, Ibn Khaldun the historian of the 14th century, the Iranian philosopher Nasir Tusi of the 13th century, Ahmad Baba the famous Afrikan Muslim scholar of Timbuktu, are some of the Arabs and/or Muslims that Azumah quoted to prove that overtly racist and anti-Afrikan thought was/is common in Islam, contrary to popular belief.
Azumah gives historical background to the jihad movements (or Holy Wars) in West Afrika in the eighteenth and nineteenth century that decimated Afrikan people and cultures. Some of the jihadist who declared wars on Afrikan Spirituality and culture were Imam Nasir al-Din, Uthman Dan Fodio, al-Hajj Umar Tal, and others. Equally, Azumah discusses the devastating results on Afrikans by the Islamic slave trade and the Shari’a which is the law of imposition of Arab and Islamic supremacy over non-Muslims. He does a great job at exposing the history of Islam in relation to Afrika which has been denied for so long by Muslims and Muslim apologists.
I do have one disagreement with Azumah. He is a cultural pluralist and believes that an inter-religious dialogue is key to the future cooperation of people in the various religions of the world, in particular in Afrika. He may not be totally wrong, but I believe that we Afrikan people must propagate and redeem our Spirituality, secure our lands and resources from foreign theft, and unite Afrikan nation with each Afrikan nation before we can engage in true inter-religious dialog with Muslims, Christians, or Jews. In other words, before we can have inter-religious dialogue, Afrikan people must redeem their Spirituality and worldview. Otherwise, Afrikan people will sit at the table of humanity and defend the worldviews of foreigners who invaded Afrika, enslaved the people, and imposed their worldviews.
***
John Henrik Clarke explained the following in Critical Lessons in Slavery and the Slave Trade:
The Arab slave trade in North and in East Africa had been a well-established institution long before the Arabs accepted Islam. With the rise of Islam in the seventh century, they used this new religion as further justification for their involvement in the slave trade. Islam, like Christianity, declared war on all forms of African religion and culture and later denied that Africans had anything worthy of being called a religion or a culture (2). In the Arab World by William R. Polk we learn that Sudan was particularly important for the [Arab Muslim] Egyptians as a hunting ground for slaves and, of course, as the conduit or source - no one knew which - of the Nile floods upon which the life of Egypt was wholly dependent (151).
Also, Polk states:
In the early years of the nineteenth century, the Swiss traveler John Lewis Burckhardt estimated that Egypt [Arabs in Egypt] had approximately 40,000 slaves. ‘I have reason to believe, however’, he wrote, ‘ that the number exported from Soudan to Egypt and Arabia, bears only a small proportion of those kept by the Mussalmans of the southern countries themselves, or in other words to the whole number yearly derived by purchase, or by force, from the nations of the interior of Africa… (152)
Mohammed Ali controlled western Arabia and both Mecca and Medina from Egypt. He sent a military expedition on a slave hunt into the Sudan in 1820 to acquire a cheap source of slaves and gold for his empire. Ali was not the first to do so and would not be last. He was continuing an old Arab tradition of banditry, kidnapping, enslavement, and murder.
Last edited by a moderator: