TikTok's survival in the US may depend on an appeals court ruling this December.
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"Something else is at play" —
US can’t ban TikTok for security reasons while ignoring Temu, other apps, TikTok argues
TikTok's survival in the US may depend on an appeals court ruling this December.
Ashley Belanger - 9/16/2024, 5:23 PM
Enlarge / Andrew J. Pincus, attorney for TikTok and ByteDance, leaves the E. Barrett Prettyman US Court House with members of his legal team as the US Court of Appeals hears oral arguments in the case
TikTok Inc. v. Merrick Garland on September 16 in Washington, DC.
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The fight to keep TikTok operating unchanged in the US reached an appeals court Monday, where TikTok and US-based creators teamed up to defend one of the world's most popular apps from
a potential US ban.
TikTok lawyer Andrew Pincus kicked things off by warning a three-judge panel that a
law targeting foreign adversaries that requires TikTok to divest from its allegedly China-controlled owner, ByteDance, is "unprecedented" and could have "staggering" effects on "the speech of 170 million Americans."
Pincus argued that the US government was "for the first time in history" attempting to ban speech by a specific US speaker—namely, TikTok US, the US-based entity that allegedly curates the content that Americans see on the app.
The government justified the law by claiming that TikTok may in the future pose a national security risk because updates to the app's source code occur in China. Essentially, the US is concerned that TikTok collecting data in the US makes it possible for the Chinese government to both spy on Americans and influence Americans by manipulating TikTok content.
But Pincus argued that there's no evidence of that, only the FBI
warning "about the potential that the Chinese Communist Party could use TikTok to threaten US homeland security, censor dissidents, and spread its malign influence on US soil." And because the law carves out China-owned and controlled e-commerce apps like Temu and Shein—which a US commission
deemed a possible danger and allegedly process even more sensitive data than TikTok—the national security justification for targeting TikTok is seemingly so under-inclusive as to be fatal to the government's argument, Pincus argued.
Jeffrey Fisher, a lawyer for TikTok creators, agreed, warning the panel that "what the Supreme Court tells us when it comes to under-inclusive arguments is [that they're] often a signal that something else is at play."
Daniel Tenny, a lawyer representing the US government, defended Congress' motivations for passing the law, explaining that the data TikTok collects is "extremely valuable to a foreign adversary trying to compromise the security" of the US. He further argued that a foreign adversary controlling "what content is shown to Americans" is just as problematic.
Rather than targeting Americans' expression on the app, Tenny argued that because ByteDance controls TikTok's source code, the speech on TikTok is not American speech but "expression by Chinese engineers in China." This is the "core point" that the US hopes the appeals court will embrace, that as long as ByteDance oversees TikTok's source code, the US will have justified concerns about TikTok data security and content manipulation. The only solution, the US government argues, is divestment.
TikTok has
long argued that divestment isn't an option and that the law will force a ban. Pincus told the court that the "critical issue" with the US government's case is that the US does not have any evidence that TikTok US is under Chinese control. Because the US is only concerned about some "future Chinese control," the burden that the law places on speech must meet the highest standard of constitutional scrutiny. Any finding otherwise, Pincus warned the court, risked turning the First Amendment "on its head," potentially allowing the government to point to foreign ownership to justify regulating US speech on any platform.
But as the panel explained, the US government had tried for two years to negotiate with ByteDance and find
through Project Texas a way to maintain TikTok in the US while avoiding national security concerns. Because every attempt to find a suitable national security arrangement has seemingly failed, Congress was potentially justified in passing the law, the panel suggested, especially if the court rules that the law is really just trying to address foreign ownership—not regulate content. And even though the law currently only targets TikTok directly, the government could argue that's seemingly because TikTok is so far the only foreign adversary-controlled company flagged as a potential national security risk, the panel suggested.
TikTok insisted that divestment is not the answer and that Congress has made no effort to find a better solution. Pincus argued that the US did not consider less restrictive means for achieving the law's objectives without burdening speech on TikTok, such as a disclosure mechanism that could prevent covert influence on the app by a foreign adversary.
But US circuit judge Neomi Rao pushed back on this, suggesting that disclosure maybe isn't "always" the only appropriate mechanism to block propaganda in the US—especially when the US government has no way to quickly assess constantly updated TikTok source code developed in China. Pincus had confirmed that any covert content manipulation uncovered on the app would only be discovered after users were exposed.
"They say it would take three years to just review the existing code," Rao said. "How are you supposed to have disclosure in that circumstance?"
"I think disclosure has been the historic answer for covert content manipulation," Pincus told the court, branding the current law as "unusual" for targeting TikTok and asking the court to overturn the alleged ban.
The government has given ByteDance until mid-January to sell TikTok, or else the app risks being banned in the US. The appeals court is expected to rule by early December.
TikTok is not like other apps, creators argued
The court pushed back on Pincus' characterization of the law as unconstitutionally targeting TikTok US, suggesting that no speech would seemingly be burdened if TikTok continued operating after divestiture from Chinese-controlled ownership. Theoretically, users could continue using the app as they had before, the panel suggested.
In response, Pincus argued that divestiture is impossible.
"This isn't just about divestiture," Pincus told the court. "This is about a ban."
But even if divestiture were somehow possible, Pincus argued that requiring it would still burden speech because altering TikTok's algorithm would make the content different for users.
Fisher similarly argued that there is no interchangeable platform for TikTok users and that users voluntarily choose to share data with TikTok. He cited one client, a TikTok user with millions of followers, with fewer than 100 followers on YouTube. That user quickly learned that not only are the audiences on other platforms vastly different, Fisher argued, but so are the creator tools, which means "the nature of the speech is different" on TikTok.
Defending Americans choosing TikTok above other platforms, Fisher said that Americans have a "fundamental interest" in working with the publisher or editor of their choice, which Congress is allegedly trying to take away. Because the law is allegedly motivated to suppress expression, Fisher said that there is no way for the US government to argue around the First Amendment successfully. Law professors have
previously suggested that TikTok's First Amendment case is strong.
"American speakers are silenced" or "consistently affected by this law, so you can't get out of the First Amendment problem," Fisher argued. "Even in a world where you're dealing with totally unprotected speech," if the government is "choosing, selecting, and suppressing some speech based on viewpoint, but not another," the law requires strict constitutional scrutiny, Fisher argued, which the law allegedly cannot survive.
Tenny responded by saying that it's still unclear what ByteDance would actually do if the law is enforced. ByteDance could "have a change of heart," Tenny suggested, and sell off TikTok US. He also argued that if ByteDance was shut down due to some other violation, like tax fraud, TikTok creators would not be able to raise a First Amendment challenge.
Judges ask: What about in war times?
It's unclear which side the panel found more persuasive. Throughout the hearing, the panel raised several hypotheticals to weigh both sides' arguments, perhaps most notably pondering if the law's provisions would potentially be permissible in war times.
Pincus conceded that perhaps if China and the US were at war, the US might be able to justify a law burdening speech, but the same issues with the law's under-inclusivity would arise in that heightened scenario. Fisher agreed that he could "imagine" that the law could escape strict constitutional scrutiny in "the heat of war" but reminded the panel that "we're not at war."
"The government still has to come in and explain in reasonable terms why it singled out one particular collector of data and excluded everybody else," Fisher suggested.
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