African Diasporan Genetic, Haplogroups, Ancestry, etc Thread

[The Wall Is Undefeated!]

As the title says.

Post genetic ancestry papers about the African Diaspora. Aframs, Nigerians, Somalis, Dominicans (Mi no black, papi ), Jamaicans, Afro-Brazillians, Haitians, Congolese, Kenyans and you know the rest.

I'll kick off the thread with this. Shout out to the Dominicans (Mi no black, papi)

Y Haplogroup Diversity of the Dominican Republic: Reconstructing the Effect of the European Colonization and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade.

Abstract

The Dominican Republic is one of the two countries on the Hispaniola island, which is part of the Antilles. Hispaniola was affected by the European colonization and massive deportation of African slaves since the XVI century and these events heavily shaped the genetic composition of the present-day population. To shed light about the effect of the European rules, we analyzed 92 single nucleotide polymorphisms on the Y chromosome in 182 Dominican individuals from three different locations. The Dominican Y haplogroup composition was characterized by an excess of northern African/European lineages (59%), followed by the African clades (38%), whereas the Native-American lineages were rare (3%). The comparison with the mitochondrial DNA variability, dominated by African clades, revealed a sex-biased admixture pattern, in line with the colonial society dominated by European men. When other Caribbean and non-Caribbean former colonies were also considered, we noted a difference between territories under Spanish rule (like the Dominican Republic) and British/French rule, with the former characterized by an excess of European Y lineages reflecting the more permissive Iberian legislation about mixed people and slavery. Finally, we analyzed the distribution in Africa of the Dominican lineages with a putative African origin, mainly focusing on central and western Africa, which were the main sources of African slaves. We found that most (83%) of the African lineages observed in Santo Domingo have a central African ancestry, suggesting that most of the slaves were deported from regions.

I'm actually shocked at the bolded parts. I didn't think that ~40% of Dominican men would carry SSA Y-DNA haplogroups. Or that any Dominican man would carry Amerindian Y-DNA. Not shocked by the Mt-DNA haplogroups.

 

[The Wall Is Undefeated!]

Shout out to the Bahamians.

Paternal lineages signal distinct genetic contributions from British Loyalists and continental Africans among different Bahamian islands

Abstract

Over the past 500 years, the Bahamas has been influenced by a wide array of settlers, some of whom have left marked genetic imprints throughout the archipelago. To assess the extent of each group's genetic contributions, high-resolution Y-chromosome analyses were performed, for the first time, to delineate the patriarchal ancestry of six islands in the Northwest (Abaco and Grand Bahama) and Central (Eleuthera, Exuma, Long Island, and New Providence) Bahamas and their genetic relationships with previously published reference populations. Our results reveal genetic signals emanating primarily from African and European sources, with the predominantly sub-Saharan African and Western European haplogroups E1b1a-M2 and R1b1b1-M269, respectively, accounting for greater than 75% of all Bahamian patrilineages. Surprisingly, we observe notable discrepancies among the six Bahamian populations in their distribution of these lineages, with E1b1a-M2 predominating Y-chromosomes in the collections from Abaco, Exuma, Eleuthera, Grand Bahama, and New Providence, whereas R1b1b1-M269 is found at elevated levels in the Long Island population. Substantial Y-STR haplotype variation within sub-haplogroups E1b1a7a-U174 and E1b1ba8-U175 (greater than any continental African collection) is also noted, possibly indicating genetic influences from a variety of West and Central African groups. Furthermore, differential European genetic contributions in each island (with the exception of Exuma) reflect settlement patterns of the British Loyalists subsequent to the American Revolution.

 

[The Wall Is Undefeated!]

Shout out to the Afro-Colombians.

A genetic study on the descendant of San Basilo de Palenque.

San Basilio de Palenque is a small town near Cartagena, Colombia, founded by runaway slaves. At the end of the sixteenth century, African slaves started to escape from the coastal city of Cartagena to take refuge in the nearby region of Montes de María, establishing, the foundations of the town of San Basilio de Palenque (hereafter referred to as Palenque). Exactly when the city was founded is unknown, but there are studies indicating that this community was already established in the second half of the seventeenth century and ultimately became the first free African community in America.

Due to its strategic position located on the north coast of Colombia, Cartagena city was the centre of the Spanish slave trade and one of the main South American ports of arrival for slaves brought from different regions of Africa. The paucity of historical records makes it difficult to establish the exact place of departure of the slaves from Africa. Nonetheless, it is thought that until the early seventeenth century, the Africans arriving in Cartagena would have left from the region of Upper Guinea. Later, the Congo and Angola, together with Upper Guinea, would have been the major regions from which slaves were taken to Spanish America. At the end of the eighteenth century/beginning of the nineteenth century, slaves would have come from several regions, from Senegambia to Mozambique.

The village of Palenque is currently inhabited by approximately 4000 Afro-descendants who maintained a cultural and ethnic identity for more than 3 centuries, with high endogamy and little influence from neighbouring communities. Palenque preserves the ethnic conscience and cultural traits of African roots such as the social organisation, complex funeral rituals, and traditional medical practices, among others. Moreover, it is the only African American population speaking a Creole language with a Spanish lexical base. Due to these characteristics, Palenque was declared by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2005. During the last decade, the recognition of the historical and cultural importance of Palenque has promoted several studies with the aim of reviving its history and searching for the African roots of its first inhabitants.

Given the high diversity of slaves arriving in Cartagena, one might suppose that several ethnic groups would be behind the foundation of Palenque. However, this theory has been questioned by linguistic and anthropological evidence, pointing to the region between Congo and Angola (the ancient Kingdom of Kongo) as the origin of the first habitants of Palenque, with an almost exclusive contribution from a single Bantu ethnic group, the Bakongo, speakers of Kikongo.

However, cultural and genetic features do not always come together, and few genetic studies have been performed to confirm a single geographic source of the founders of Palenque. The first genetic studies carried out with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) markers revealed limited Native American and European gene flow, as well as close genetic distances with African populations, especially from western Africa. Nevertheless, a higher than expected European input (38%) was detected when studying the pool of paternal lineages in Palenque. Due to the strong isolation of Palenque, paternal European admixture most likely occurred before its foundation. The results based on autosomal ancestry informative markers showed approximately 10% European ancestry, supporting a sex biased European influx.

Frequencies of the mtDNA and Y chromosome haplogroups detected in a population sample from Palenque.

A high diversity was also found for Y-SNP haplogroups (0.8185 ± 0.0033), with 17 different haplogroups being observed (Table 1). Similar to mtDNA, low Y-STR haplotype diversity was observed (0.9881 ± 0.0038), with many shared haplotypes inside haplogroups (Supplementary Fig. S4). In the whole sample, an African origin can be attributed to 61% of the Y-haplogroups, 36% represent European admixture, and three samples (3%) belong to a Native American haplogroup.

A large proportion of haplotypes were shared inside haplogroups, and only 33 different haplotypes were present in the studied sample. A wide separation of African haplogroups carrying few haplotypes is illustrated in a network. The great majority of the samples (91%) belong to the African macro haplogroup L. The remaining 9% belong to Native American haplogroups (A2, A2af1a1, A2al, B2d and C1c3). No European maternal lineages were observed.

 

[Soldier]

Great thread @Acid Cannon

I’m very Curious about East African y-dna and Mtdna.

 

[The Wall Is Undefeated!]

Great thread @Acid Cannon

I’m very Curious about East African y-dna and Mtdna.

I'm on the look out for them.

 

[The Wall Is Undefeated!]

Shout out to the Gullahs

Genetic landscape of Gullah African Americans

Abstract

Objectives
Gullah African Americans are descendants of formerly enslaved Africans living in the Sea Islands along the coast of the southeastern U.S., from North Carolina to Florida. Their relatively high numbers and geographic isolation were conducive to the development and preservation of a unique culture that retains deep African features. Although historical evidence supports a West-Central African ancestry for the Gullah, linguistic and cultural evidence of a connection to Sierra Leone has led to the suggestion of this country/region as their ancestral home. This study sought to elucidate the genetic structure and ancestry of the Gullah.

Materials and Methods
We leveraged whole-genome genotype data from Gullah, African Americans from Jackson, Mississippi, African populations from Sierra Leone, and population reference panels from Africa and Europe to infer population structure, ancestry proportions, and global estimates of admixture.

Results
Relative to non-Gullah African Americans from the Southeast US, the Gullah exhibited higher mean African ancestry, lower European admixture, a similarly small Native American contribution, and increased male-biased European admixture. A slightly tighter bottleneck in the Gullah 13 generations ago suggests a largely shared demographic history with non-Gullah African Americans. Despite a slightly higher relatedness to populations from Sierra Leone, our data demonstrate that the Gullah are genetically related to many West African populations.

Discussion
This study confirms that subtle differences in African American population structure exist at finer regional levels. Such observations can help to inform medical genetics research in African Americans, and guide the interpretation of genetic data used by African Americans seeking to explore ancestral identities.

 

[Waldo Geraldo Faldo]

Subs

 

[The Wall Is Undefeated!]

So it turns out that the oral tales of the Shirazi Swahili about their Persian and Arabian ancestors were true after all.

Ancient DNA Reveals Asian Ancestry Introduced to East Africa in Medieval and Early Modern Times

The study revealed that around 1000 CE, a stream of migrants from Southwest Asia intermingled with African people at multiple locations along the Swahili coast, contributing close to half of the ancestry of the analyzed ancient individuals.

“The results provide unambiguous evidence of ongoing cultural mixing on the East African coast for more than a millennium, in which African people interacted and had families with immigrants from other parts of Africa and the Indian Ocean world,” said Reich.

The study confirmed that the bedrock of Swahili culture remained unchanged even as the newcomers arrived and Islam became a dominant regional religion, said Kusimba; the primary language, tomb architecture, cuisine, material culture, and matrilocal marriage residence and matriarchal kinship remained African and Bantu in nature.

The findings contradict one widely discussed scholarly view, which held that there was little contribution from foreigners to Swahili peoples, the authors said.

The researchers added that the findings also refute a diametrically opposed viewpoint prevalent in colonial times, which held that Africans provided little contribution to the Swahili towns.

“Ancient DNA allowed us to address a longstanding controversy that could not be tested without genetic data from these times and places,” Reich said.

The researchers found that the initial waves of newcomers were mainly from Persia. These findings align with the oldest Swahili oral stories, which tell of Persian (Shirazi) merchants or princes arriving on the Swahili shores.

“It was exciting to find biological evidence that Swahili oral history probably depicts Swahili genetic ancestry as well as cultural legacy,” said Esther Brielle, research fellow in genetics in the Reich lab.

Brielle is co-first author of the paper with Stephanie Wynne-Jones at the University of York and Jeffrey Fleisher at Rice University.

After about 1500 CE, ancestry sources became increasingly Arabian. In later centuries, intermingling with other populations from Asia and Africa further changed the genetic makeup of Swahili-coast communities.



Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of medieval peoples of the Swahili coast

Abstract

The urban peoples of the Swahili coast traded across eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean and were among the first practitioners of Islam among sub-Saharan people1,2. The extent to which these early interactions between Africans and non-Africans were accompanied by genetic exchange remains unknown. Here we report ancient DNA data for 80 individuals from 6 medieval and early modern (ad 1250–1800) coastal towns and an inland town after ad 1650. More than half of the DNA of many of the individuals from coastal towns originates from primarily female ancestors from Africa, with a large proportion—and occasionally more than half—of the DNA coming from Asian ancestors. The Asian ancestry includes components associated with Persia and India, with 80–90% of the Asian DNA originating from Persian men. Peoples of African and Asian origins began to mix by about ad 1000, coinciding with the large-scale adoption of Islam. Before about ad 1500, the Southwest Asian ancestry was mainly Persian-related, consistent with the narrative of the Kilwa Chronicle, the oldest history told by people of the Swahili coast3. After this time, the sources of DNA became increasingly Arabian, consistent with evidence of growing interactions with southern Arabia4. Subsequent interactions with Asian and African people further changed the ancestry of present-day people of the Swahili coast in relation to the medieval individuals whose DNA we sequenced.

Table 1 Population mixture and evidence of sex bias in three groups from the Swahili coast

Table 2 Comparison of haplogroup distributions in medieval Swahili individuals with those from two studies of present-day Swahili people

There are so many things to unpack from this study. The gist of it is (and isn't):
1. About 1000 CE Persian men migrated and integrated into the Swahili.
2. Middle Easterners didn't establish Swahili culture and civilisation. They did influence it of course (the arrival of Islam predates the admixture event by about a couple of hundred years).
3. Modern day Swahilis and Medieval Swahilis might be genetically different. I say might be because the ancient DNA samples were gained from cemeteries of mainly upper class Swahilis. It doesn't tell us the genetics of the lower class.
4. The Swahili people genetically before the admixture of Middle Easterners and Indians were a mix of Savanna Pastoral Neolithic/Pastoral Neolithic peoples (basically South Cushytic speaking peoples) and Bantus

The Makwasinyi individuals date to the past three centuries, and are from deep in the Tsavo region, nearly 50 km from the nearest population centre. The Makwasinyi group fits as a proxy source for African ancestry in qpAdm modelling of the Mtwapa, Faza and Manda individuals, but unlike these individuals, qpAdm finds no evidence of recent Asian ancestry in the Makwasinyi group (similar to present-day non-coastal populations). Instead, Makwasinyi individuals are similar in ancestry to the modern individuals identified as Swahili in the previously reported dataset32. They are well-modelled as 21.3 ± 1.2% Pastoral Neolithic-associated ancestry (from herders present in eastern African after 3000 bc) and 78.7 ± 1.2% Bantu-associated ancestry (from farmers present after 1000 bc). We did not detect sex bias in the history of the formation of this population. The average date for the Bantu-Pastoral Neolithic-associated mixture is around ad 300–1200, with most of this range consistent with the archaeological evidence for the impact of the Bantu expansion on this region.

@Soldier - An East African DNA study for you
@Ty Daniels

 

[Soldier]

@Acid Cannon anything on somali/ethiopian/eritrean ydna? Please post data/information on all 3 populations.

 

[The Wall Is Undefeated!]

For the Chadians

Genetic History of Chad

Objectives:
The Sahel is a semi-arid zone stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Red Sea in the east and from the Sahara in the north to the Sudanian Savanna in the south. Here, we investigated the genetic history of the spread of Northern African ancestry common among Berbers, the Y DNA haplogroup R1b-V88, and Chadic languages throughout the Sahel, with a focus on Chad.

Materials and Methods:
We integrated and analyzed genotype data from 751 individuals from Chad, Burkina Faso, Mali, South Sudan, and Sudan in the context of a global reference panel of 5,966 individuals.

Results:
We found that genetic diversity in Chad was broadly divided by a north-south axis. The core ancestry of Southern Chadians was Central African, most closely related to Pygmies. Southern Chadians then experienced four waves of gene flow over the last 3,000 years from West-Central Africans, Eastern Africans, West-Central Africans again, and then Arabians. In contrast, Northern Chadians did not share Central African ancestry and were not influenced by the first wave of West-Central Africans but were influenced by Northern African ancestry.

 

[The Wall Is Undefeated!]

For the Afro Brazilians

Ancestry, diversity, and genetics of health-related traits in African-derived communities (quilombos) from Brazil

Abstract

Brazilian quilombos are communities formed by enslaved Africans and their descendants all over the country during slavery and shortly after its abolition. Quilombos harbor a great fraction of the largely unknown genetic diversity of the African diaspora in Brazil. Thus, genetic studies in quilombos have the potential to provide important insights not only into the African roots of the Brazilian population but also into the genetic bases of complex traits and human adaptation to diverse environments. This review summarizes the main results of genetic studies performed on quilombos so far. Here, we analyzed the patterns of African, Amerindian, European, and subcontinental ancestry (within Africa) of quilombos from the five different geographic regions of Brazil. In addition, uniparental markers (from the mtDNA and the Y chromosome) studies are analyzed together to reveal demographic processes and sex-biased admixture that occurred during the formation of these unique populations. Lastly, the prevalence of known malaria-adaptive African mutations and other African-specific variants discovered in quilombos, as well as the genetic bases of health-related traits, are discussed here, together with their implication for the health of populations of African descent.

Autosomal and uniparental ancestry and geographic distribution of Brazilian quilombos included in genetic studies so far. A, autosomal; M, mitochondrial (maternal haplogroups); Y, Y-chromosome ancestries (Paternal Haplogroups). 1—Mazagão Velho; 2—Curiaú; 3—Mazagão; 4—Cametá; 5—Pacoval; 6—Marajó; 7—Pitimandeua; 8—Trombetas; 9—Santo Antonio do Guaporé; 10—Itacoã; 11—Saracura; 12—Santiago do Iguape, 13—Riacho de Sacutiaba and Sacutiaba; 14—Rio das Rãs; 15—Cajueiro; 16—Pontal; 17—Mimbó; 18—Sítio Velho; 19—Mocambo; 20—Tamauari; 21—Barra; 22—São Gonçalo; 23—Gaucinha; 24—Marinhos; 25—Abobral; 26—André Lopes; 27—Galvão; 28—Ivaporunduva; 29—Maria Rosa; 30—Nhunguara; 31—Pedro Cubas; 32—Pilões; 33—São Pedro; 34—Sapatu; 35—Kalunga; 36—Paredão; 37—Sertão do Valongo (Schneider et al. 1987; Bortolini et al. 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999; Arpini-Sampaio et al. 1999; Guerreiro et al. 1999; Ribeiro-Dos-Santos et al. 2002; Cayres Vallinoto et al. 2003; Abe-Sandes et al. 2004; de Souza and Culpi 2005; Barbosa et al. 2006; Silva et al. 2006; Carvalho et al. 2008; Scliar et al. 2009; Ribeiro et al. 2009, 2011; Amorim et al. 2011; Maciel et al. 2011; Palha et al. 2011; Kimura et al. 2013, 2017; Wiezel et al. 2013; Gontijo et al. 2014)

Table 1 Autosomal ancestry measures in quilombos from the five Brazilian regions. AFR, African; EUR, European; AMER, Amerindian ancestry

That evident sex-biased admixture pattern observed in the quilombos studied so far agrees with that already reported for other admixed populations from Brazil and populations throughout America, as well as from other European colonized countries in the world (Trovoada et al. 2007; Ongaro et al. 2019; Korunes et al. 2020; Martínez et al. 2020). This sex-biased gene flow can be related to the extensive historical records of sexual exploitation of enslaved African and Amerindian women by European men, common during the colonial period (Walsh 1830; Nascimento 2016; Aidoo 2018). The continued abuse of enslaved women by their slavers frequently resulted in children not only unrecognized by their male progenitors but also enslaved (Aidoo 2018). In contrast, despite the fact that the majority of Africans brought to America were male, their relatively short life expectancy due to maltreatment and compulsory work (10 years, on average) can potentially be reflected in the relatively low paternal African contribution (Carvalho et al. 2008; Myscofski 2013).

@Waldo Geraldo Faldo , @Soldier , @DrBanneker , @Ty Daniels

 

[DrBanneker]

For the Afro Brazilians

Ancestry, diversity, and genetics of health-related traits in African-derived communities (quilombos) from Brazil

Autosomal and uniparental ancestry and geographic distribution of Brazilian quilombos included in genetic studies so far. A, autosomal; M, mitochondrial (maternal haplogroups); Y, Y-chromosome ancestries (Paternal Haplogroups). 1—Mazagão Velho; 2—Curiaú; 3—Mazagão; 4—Cametá; 5—Pacoval; 6—Marajó; 7—Pitimandeua; 8—Trombetas; 9—Santo Antonio do Guaporé; 10—Itacoã; 11—Saracura; 12—Santiago do Iguape, 13—Riacho de Sacutiaba and Sacutiaba; 14—Rio das Rãs; 15—Cajueiro; 16—Pontal; 17—Mimbó; 18—Sítio Velho; 19—Mocambo; 20—Tamauari; 21—Barra; 22—São Gonçalo; 23—Gaucinha; 24—Marinhos; 25—Abobral; 26—André Lopes; 27—Galvão; 28—Ivaporunduva; 29—Maria Rosa; 30—Nhunguara; 31—Pedro Cubas; 32—Pilões; 33—São Pedro; 34—Sapatu; 35—Kalunga; 36—Paredão; 37—Sertão do Valongo (Schneider et al. 1987; Bortolini et al. 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999; Arpini-Sampaio et al. 1999; Guerreiro et al. 1999; Ribeiro-Dos-Santos et al. 2002; Cayres Vallinoto et al. 2003; Abe-Sandes et al. 2004; de Souza and Culpi 2005; Barbosa et al. 2006; Silva et al. 2006; Carvalho et al. 2008; Scliar et al. 2009; Ribeiro et al. 2009, 2011; Amorim et al. 2011; Maciel et al. 2011; Palha et al. 2011; Kimura et al. 2013, 2017; Wiezel et al. 2013; Gontijo et al. 2014)

Table 1 Autosomal ancestry measures in quilombos from the five Brazilian regions. AFR, African; EUR, European; AMER, Amerindian ancestry




@Waldo Geraldo Faldo , @Soldier , @DrBanneker , @Ty Daniels

Looks similar to the other Brazil studies I have seen though I am surprised that the Quilombo in the South, the Whitest part of Brazil, has the highest African ancestry (though only two individuals). One thing about diaspora Black populations is that cultural inheritance for Black folks casts a much wider net than just ancestry admixture proportions would state. This is one of the reasons I hate the logic of someone having to have 50%+ autosomal African ancestry to be "Black". I would argue though African ancestry is necessary, cultural inheritance rather than racial admixture percentage has been a much more defining characteristic of Black communities in the US, Brazil, Cuba, and other parts of the Western hemisphere.

 

[The Wall Is Undefeated!]

Looks similar to the other Brazil studies I have seen though I am surprised that the Quilombo in the South, the Whitest part of Brazil, has the highest African ancestry (though only two individuals).

It is interesting. I think more results are needed to get a better picture.

One thing about diaspora Black populations is that cultural inheritance for Black folks casts a much wider net than just ancestry admixture proportions would state. This is one of the reasons I hate the logic of someone having to have 50%+ autosomal African ancestry to be "Black". I would argue though African ancestry is necessary, cultural inheritance rather than racial admixture percentage has been a much more defining characteristic of Black communities in the US, Brazil, Cuba, and other parts of the Western hemisphere.

At the bolded part - I think the opposite. I believe that in order to be 'black' as a person of Afro descent of the Americas (ADOS/Afram, Jamaican, Haitian, Afro-Brazilian one has to be at least 70% autosomal SSA. Anything less than the figure then one is a mixed raced person (MGM, Douglah, Blasian, whatever).

While it was understandable that many NWB ethnic groups incorporated mixed people in the past because of slavery and whatnot, those times are over and we (NWBs) need to stop this idea of everyone is 'black' and everyone can join us or 'black' is a culture (when in reality ADOS/Afram culture is much more similar to 'white' American culture than Americans care to admit). fukk the 'one drop rule' BS. We need some standards via DNA testing, ancestry records, etc. There is nothing wrong with standards.

Without standards, the likes of Rachel Dolezal can lie her way through ADOS/Afram people and institutions that are meant for ADOS/Afram people (Transracial, anybody... I suppose it makes more biological sense than transsexualism). Or what has happened in Brazil where 'white' Brazilians claim to be black to gain academic opportunities that are reserved for Afro-Brazilians? Are you going to tell me that Huseni Mershah aka James Monroe Madison (played by Roger Guenveur Smith) in OZ is 'black'? It was hilarious hearing Adebisi say to him, "we have the same skin colour." He looks more Southern European than an actual Southern European.

 

[H.I.M.]

It is interesting. I think more results are needed to get a better picture.


At the bolded part - I think the opposite. I believe that in order to be 'black' as a person of Afro descent of the Americas (ADOS/Afram, Jamaican, Haitian, Afro-Brazilian one has to be at least 70% autosomal SSA. Anything less than the figure then one is a mixed raced person (MGM, Douglah, Blasian, whatever).

While it was understandable that many NWB ethnic groups incorporated mixed people in the past because of slavery and whatnot, those times are over and we (NWBs) need to stop this idea of everyone is 'black' and everyone can join us or 'black' is a culture (when in reality ADOS/Afram culture is much more similar to 'white' American culture than Americans care to admit). fukk the 'one drop rule' BS. We need some standards via DNA testing, ancestry records, etc. There is nothing wrong with standards.

Without standards, the likes of Rachel Dolezal can lie her way through ADOS/Afram people and institutions that are meant for ADOS/Afram people (Transracial, anybody... I suppose it makes more biological sense than transsexualism). Or what has happened in Brazil where 'white' Brazilians claim to be black to gain academic opportunities that are reserved for Afro-Brazilians? Are you going to tell me that Huseni Mershah aka James Monroe Madison (played by Roger Guenveur Smith) in OZ is 'black'? It was hilarious hearing Adebisi say to him, "we have the same skin colour." He looks more Southern European than an actual Southern European.

These concepts such as "racial/blood" purity, blood quantum measuring and classifying people based upon phenotype and the concept of "black" and "white" races derives from 18th/19th Century Western European eugenics and pseudo-science, just like the one drop rule.

All of these false social constructs need to be bushed.

None of these concepts have any real historicity as it pertains to the history and culture of the overwhelming majority of tribes and people groups that reside in Africa. Just an unneccessary continuation of ridiculous antiquated concepts created by Western academia, that even they don't even propagate anymore. Catch up.

 

[The Wall Is Undefeated!]

These concepts such as "racial/blood" purity, blood quantum measuring and classifying people based upon phenotype and the concept of "black" and "white" races derives from 18th/19th Century Western European eugenics and pseudo-science, just like the one drop rule.

All of these false social constructs need to be bushed.

None of these concepts have any real historicity as it pertains to the history and culture of the overwhelming majority of tribes and people groups that reside in Africa. Just an unneccessary continuation of ridiculous antiquated concepts created by Western academia, that even they don't even propagate anymore. Catch up.

I know and agree. Yet, we're still doing it. Might as well have some level of objectivity through genetic testing. Otherwise, we'll have anybody claim anything.