racism is not institutional
institutional racism is institutional
Institutional racism (also known as
institutionalized racism or
institutionalised racism) is a form of
racism that is a part of society. Whether implicitly or explicitly expressed, institutional racism occurs when any certain group is targeted and discriminated against based upon
race.
Any group can experience racism, in both the social and political institutions of society, such as disparities regarding
employment,
real estate and housing,
health care,
political power, incarceration rates, and
education, among other things. Institutional racism can go unnoticed as it is not always explicit and can be overlooked. Institutional racism was defined by Macpherson in the 1999 report concerning the death of Stephen Lawrence. Macpherson defines institutional racism as: "the collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture of ethnic origin."
[1]