Oxford dictionary adds new words from the Caribbean in latest update
24 Sep 2025
In its September update last year, the
OED took a significant stride in tracking the growth of English vocabulary worldwide by publishing the first of a new series of quarterly updates for World Englishes. These included new and revised entries for words from the Caribbean, East Africa, New Zealand, and Wales. Since then, the
OED has released three further updates, all featuring a colourful assortment of distinctive words and phrases used by English speakers across the globe.
In this year’s September update, we go back to where our journey started as we present a new batch of Caribbean, East African, New Zealand, and Welsh additions and revisions to the dictionary, now also joined by recent inclusions from the Isle of Man.
Caribbean cuisine, with its bold tropical flavours and diverse influences, features very prominently in this update. A
bulla is a small, round, flat cake from Jamaica, made with flour, molasses, brown sugar, and various spices and flavourings such as ginger, nutmeg, coconut, and pineapple. First recorded in English in 1940, it comes from the Spanish word for a bread roll,
bollo.
In Trinidad and Tobago, a
buss up shut (earliest seen in 1988) is fried unleavened bread with a flaky texture, similar to paratha or roti, served torn into pieces. The name represents the Caribbean pronunciation of
bust-up shirt, apparently because of the flaky bread’s resemblance to rags of fabric.
Pholourie is an Indo-Caribbean dish consisting of fried balls of dough made from flour, ground split peas, and various spices, usually served with chutney and eaten as a snack. A borrowing from a language of India (Hindi, for instance, has
phulaurī, while Bengali has
phuluri) and ultimately reflecting an unattested Prakrit compound with the sense ‘puffed cake’, the
OED records 11 other possible spellings, including
pelauri, pulouree, and
phulouri. Our first quotation for this wordcomes from the 1936 song
Bargee Pelauri by the Trinidadian calypso singer and composer Rafael de Leon, known by his stage name ‘The Lion’ or ‘Roaring Lion’.
Cou-cou (1843)is a Caribbean dish made from a mixture of cornmeal, okra, and butter stirred together until firm, typically shaped into a ball and served as an accompaniment to other dishes, especially steamed or fried fish; a
cou-cou stick (1985) is a flat wooden paddle that is used to stir it.
Saltfish is a word dating as far back as 1558, referring generally to fish that has been salted and dried for food, but now used more specifically to refer to salted and dried cod or similar white fish that is widely consumed in the Caribbean.
.
The full list of Caribbean words added in this update is as follows:
New words
- bobolee, n.
- broughtupsy, n.
- bulla, n.2
- buss up shut, n.
- carry-go-bring-come, n.
- cou-cou, n.
- cou-cou stick, n.
- Jamaican Creole, n. and adj.
- pholourie, n.
- saltfish, n.
- tantie, n.
- to cry long water, phrase in cry, v.
Revised words