“ At the present moment, almost all the skeletal remains older than 7000 cal yr BP in South and Meso America share the same morphological pattern, differing considerably from the morphological variation that characterizes the actual Native American populations (for an exception to this pattern see Bernardo and Neves 2010).” See Early human occupation of Lagoa Santa, Eastern Central Brazil: Craniometric variation of the initial settlers of South America, pg. 402 , Early human occupation of Lagoa Santa, Eastern Central Brazil: Craniometric variation of the initial settlers of South America
“ Despite the large number of studies demonstrating the high cranial morphological differences between early and late native American groups, the morphological variance present among the first humans who occupied the New World has been scarcely studied (see [21] and [36] for exceptions).
Sardi et al. [26] also recognized that early and recent native South Americans display very different cranial patterns. “
“However, the morphological diversity observed in South America is different from the one observed elsewhere in two aspects: first, the transition from the Paleoamerican morphology to the modern morphological diversity seems to have occurred faster in South America than in the other regions. To date there is no evidence of changes in the overall cranial morphological pattern or in its variance before 7.5 kyr BP [2–6], “ Early South Americans Cranial Morphological Variation and the Origin of American Biological Diversity,Mark Hubbe, ,* André Strauss, Alex Hubbe, and Walter A. Neves , Early South Americans Cranial Morphological Variation and the Origin of American Biological Diversity
“ Lund’s observations on the skeletal remains led to bioanthropological research focused on the study of a skeletal/cranial type named “Paleoamerican”. Morphologically distinct from most archaeological and present-day Native Americans, Paleoamericans are characterized by a morphological affinity with modern populations from Africa and the South Pacific (Neves et al., 1999, 2003, 2004, 2007; Powell and Neves, 1999; Neves and Hubbe, 2005; Hubbe et al., 2011). “ Andre Struss, Paleoamerican origins and behavior: a multidisciplinary study of the archaeological record from Lagoa Santa region (east-central Brazil) (Dissertation), 2016, file:///C:/Users/olmec/Downloads/Dissertation%20Andre%20Strauss%202016.pdf
The first Blacks in America around 130,000 Bc in California were probably Australians. The Khosain introduced the Salutrean culture to Americas. These sites include archaeological finds at Cactus Hill in Virginia, Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Pennsylvania, and Miles Point in Maryland as evidence of a transitional phase between Solutrean lithic technology and what later became Clovis technology.The Khoisan took Salutrean culture from Africa to North America.
The Anu/Twa /Pygmies probably arrived in the Americas after 8,000BC.
Using craniometric quantitative analysis and multivariate methods, Dr. Neves determined that Paleo Americans were either Australian, African or Melenesians (Neves , Powell and Ozolins, 1998,1999a,199b; Powell, 2005). The research of Neves indicated that the ancient Americans represent two populations, paleoamericans who were phenotypically African, Australian or Melanesian and a mongoloid population that appears to have arrived in the Americas after 6000 BC.
Below are articles that say the PaleoAmericans were phenotypically Black. See:
“ Despite the large number of studies demonstrating the high cranial morphological differences between early and late native American groups, the morphological variance present among the first humans who occupied the New World has been scarcely studied (see [21] and [36] for exceptions).
Sardi et al. [26] also recognized that early and recent native South Americans display very different cranial patterns. “
“However, the morphological diversity observed in South America is different from the one observed elsewhere in two aspects: first, the transition from the Paleoamerican morphology to the modern morphological diversity seems to have occurred faster in South America than in the other regions. To date there is no evidence of changes in the overall cranial morphological pattern or in its variance before 7.5 kyr BP [2–6], “ Early South Americans Cranial Morphological Variation and the Origin of American Biological Diversity,Mark Hubbe, ,* André Strauss, Alex Hubbe, and Walter A. Neves , Early South Americans Cranial Morphological Variation and the Origin of American Biological Diversity
“ Lund’s observations on the skeletal remains led to bioanthropological research focused on the study of a skeletal/cranial type named “Paleoamerican”. Morphologically distinct from most archaeological and present-day Native Americans, Paleoamericans are characterized by a morphological affinity with modern populations from Africa and the South Pacific (Neves et al., 1999, 2003, 2004, 2007; Powell and Neves, 1999; Neves and Hubbe, 2005; Hubbe et al., 2011). “ Andre Struss, Paleoamerican origins and behavior: a multidisciplinary study of the archaeological record from Lagoa Santa region (east-central Brazil) (Dissertation), 2016, file:///C:/Users/olmec/Downloads/Dissertation%20Andre%20Strauss%202016.pdf
The first Blacks in America around 130,000 Bc in California were probably Australians. The Khosain introduced the Salutrean culture to Americas. These sites include archaeological finds at Cactus Hill in Virginia, Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Pennsylvania, and Miles Point in Maryland as evidence of a transitional phase between Solutrean lithic technology and what later became Clovis technology.The Khoisan took Salutrean culture from Africa to North America.
The Anu/Twa /Pygmies probably arrived in the Americas after 8,000BC.
Using craniometric quantitative analysis and multivariate methods, Dr. Neves determined that Paleo Americans were either Australian, African or Melenesians (Neves , Powell and Ozolins, 1998,1999a,199b; Powell, 2005). The research of Neves indicated that the ancient Americans represent two populations, paleoamericans who were phenotypically African, Australian or Melanesian and a mongoloid population that appears to have arrived in the Americas after 6000 BC.
Below are articles that say the PaleoAmericans were phenotypically Black. See:
- Neves, W. A. and Pucciarelli, H. M. 1989. Extra-continental biological relationships of early South American human remains: a multivariate analysis. Cieˆncia e Cultura, 41: 566–75
Neves, W. A. and Pucciarelli, H. M. 1990. The origins of the first Americans: an analysis based onthe cranial morphology of early South American human remains. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 81: 247.
Neves, W. A. and Pucciarelli, H. M. 1991. Morphological affinities of the first Americans: an exploratory analysis based on early South American human remains. Journal of Human Evolution, 21: 261–73.
Neves, W. A. and Meyer, D. 1993. The contribution of the morphology of early South and Northamerican skeletal remains to the understanding of the peopling of the Americas. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 16 (Suppl): 150–1.
Neves, W. A., Powell, J. F., Prous, A. and Ozolins, E. G. 1998. Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1: morphologial affinities or the earliest known American. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 26(Suppl): 169.
Neves, W. A., Powell, J. F. and Ozolins, E. G. 1999a. Extra-continental morphological affinities of Palli Aike, southern Chile. Intercieˆncia, 24: 258–63.
Neves, W. A., Powell, J. F. and Ozolins, E. G. 1999b. Modern human origins as seen from the peripheries. Journal of Human Evolution, 37: 129–33.
Neves W.A . and Pucciarelli H.M. 1991. "Morphological Affinities of the First Americans: an exploratory analysis based on early South American human remains". Journal of Human Evolution 21:261-273.
Neves W.A ., Powell J.F. and Ozolins E.G. 1999. "Extra-continental morphological affinities of Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1: A multivariate analysis with progressive numbers of variables. Homo 50:263-268
Neves W.A ., Powell J.F. and Ozolins E.G. 1999. "Extra-continental morphological affinities of Palli-Aike, Southern Chile". Interciencia 24:258-263. Interciencia – Revista Interciencia
Neves, W.A., Gonza´ lez-Jose´ , R., Hubbe, M., Kipnis, R., Araujo, A.G.M., Blasi, O., 2004. Early Holocene Human Skeletal Remains form Cerca Grande, Lagoa Santa, Central Brazil, and the origins of the first Americans. World Archaeology 36, 479-501
Neves, W. A., and M. Hubbe. 2005. Cranial morphology of early Americans from Lagoa Santa, Brazil: Implications for the settlement of the New World. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:18,309–18,314.
NYT (New York Times). (2015) Human’s First Appearance in the Americas . Discoveries Challenge Beliefs on Humans’ Arrival in the Americas (Published 2014)
Powell,J.F. (2005). First Americans:Races, Evolution and the Origin of Native Americans. Cambridge University Press.
