The variants neger and negar, derive from the Spanish and Portuguese word negro (black), and from the now-pejorative French nègre (negro). Etymologically, negro, noir, nègre, and ****** ultimately derive from nigrum, the stem of the Latin niger (black) (pronounced [ˈniɡer] which, in every other
grammatical case,
grammatical gender, and
grammatical number besides
nominative masculine singular, is
nigr-, the
r is
trilled).
In the Colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negars in describing the African slaves shipped to the Virginia colony.[3] Later American English spellings, neger and neggar, prevailed in a northern colony, New York under the Dutch, and in metropolitan Philadelphia's Moravian and Pennsylvania Dutch communities; the African Burial Ground in New York City originally was known by the Dutch name "Begraafplaats van de Neger" (Cemetery of the Negro); an early US occurrence of neger in Rhode Island, dates from 1625.
[4] An alternative word for African Americans was the English word, "Black", used by
Thomas Jefferson in his
Notes on the State of Virginia. Among Anglophones, the word
****** was not always considered derogatory, because it then denoted "black-skinned", a common Anglophone usage.
[5] Nineteenth-century English (language) literature features usages of
****** without racist connotation, e.g. the
Joseph Conrad novella
The ****** of the 'Narcissus' (1897). Moreover,
Charles dikkens and
Mark Twain created characters who used the word as contemporary usage. Twain, in the autobiographic book
Life on the Mississippi (1883), used the term within quotes, indicating reported usage, but used the term "negro" when speaking in his own narrative persona.
[6]
During the fur trade of the early 1800s to the late 1840s in the Western United States, the word was spelled "niggur", and is often recorded in literature of the time.
George Fredrick Ruxton often included the word as part of the "mountain man" lexicon, and did not indicate that the word was pejorative at the time. "Niggur" was evidently similar to the modern use of dude, or guy. This passage from Ruxton's Life in the Far West illustrates a common use of the word in spoken form—the speaker here referring to himself: "Travler, marm, this niggur's no travler; I ar' a trapper, marm, a mountain-man, wagh!"
[7] It was not used as a term exclusively for blacks among mountain men during this period, as Indians, Mexicans, and Frenchmen and Anglos alike could be a "niggur".
[8] Linguistically, in developing American English, in the early editions of
A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language (1806),
lexicographer Noah Webster suggested the
neger new spelling in place of
negro.
[9]