A Scientist’s Rebuttal to the Danish Cohort Study
Brian S. Hooker, PH.D., P.E.
SCIENCE ADVISER, FOCUS FOR HEALTH |
BIO
March 13, 2019
The MMR vaccine study recently published by
Hviid et al. (2019, Annals of Internal Medicine) entitled,
“Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccination and Autism: A Nationwide Cohort Study,” leaves many more serious questions than definitive answers.
The authors claim that their work, “strongly supports that MMR vaccination does not increase the risk for autism, does not trigger autism in susceptible children, and is not associated with clustering of autism cases after vaccination.”
This is an extremely broad claim that unfortunately is not supported by the evidence they present. There are eight fundamental flaws in the research study that lead to questions about the accuracy of the conclusions.
1. Children were notably missing from the study sample:
First and foremost is the underascertainment of autism cases within their data sample. The study authors used Denmark population registries of children born in Denmark of Danish-born mothers which should reflect the current reported autism incidence in Denmark at 1.65% (
Schendel et al. 2018, JAMA). However, the autism incidence within the sample of the Hviid et al. paper is 0.98%, meaning that
approximately 4,400 autistic children are missing from this study. The authors do not discuss the discrepancy in the number of cases.
2. Many of the children in the sample were too young for an autism diagnosis:
The most probable reason for the discrepancy in cases is that the sample in the Hviid et al. paper is too young to completely ascertain autism diagnoses. The average age of sample is 8.64 years with a standard deviation of 3.48 years. Age of autism diagnosis on average is reported as 7.22 years with a standard deviation of 2.86 years. Assuming that the age of diagnosis follows a standard bell curve, this would mean that
31.5% of the sample was too young to get an autism diagnosis. This could account for as many as 3,400 additional cases not included in the analysis, which would bias the outcomes to favor
not finding a relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism.
3. Failure to eliminate those with autism related to genetic conditions from the sample:
In addition,
individuals who were diagnosed with genetic comorbidities (known to lead to autism) after age 1 were “censored,” meaning that they were followed until the time of diagnosis, but not removed from the study. Thus, they were counted among the sample with many of them most likely autistic due to a genetic condition. These should have appropriately been eliminated from the sample.
4. Use of two (2) different MMR vaccines:
Also,
two different MMR vaccines were used in this study. The GlaxoSmithKline Prolix® formulation was used from 2000 to 2007 and Merck’s MMR®II formulation was used from 2008 to 2013. Prolix® contains the Schwarz measles strain and MMR®II contains the Ender’s Edmonston measles strain. Thus,
children using the Merck formulation were much too young to receive an autism diagnosis as the oldest they would be at the time of study is 6 years of age or younger. This is important for comparison to the experience in other countries, especially the U.S. where the Merck formulation was used exclusively for the entire study period.
5. Failure to control for the “dosage effect”:
In addition, the age at which Danish children in the sample received their second dose of MMR vaccine was dropped from 12 years to 4 years in 2008. This means that
children born after 2004 would get two MMR vaccines prior to the average age of an autism diagnosis, whereas children born prior to 2004 would have received only one MMR vaccine. If indeed there is a “dosage effect” of the MMR (i.e., where both doses were causally related to autism), this could not be elucidated in the sample and again, this would bias the results erroneously to
not find a relationship.
6. Statistical method failed to capture those children with a delayed diagnosis of autism:
The authors also used a non-transparent statistical method where “person-years” were considered following the MMR vaccine to an autism diagnosis where
children who received a diagnosis soon after receiving their first MMR vaccine would be weighted more heavily than children with a delay in diagnosis. This makes no sense given that the age of autism diagnoses varies widely among populations based on access to services and severity of the autism case, among other factors. This type of method is “borrowed” from infectious disease epidemiology where an exposure directly leads to a disease state rather quickly, for example, chicken pox. However,
the method has no place in evaluating chronic sequelae to vaccination which may take a period of years to receive an accurate diagnosis.
7. Vaccinated male siblings of children with autism show more autism diagnoses:
It is
interesting to note the increased incidence of autism in boys with autistic siblings in the vaccinated group shown in
Figure 2 of the article’s supplement. The increase towards the end of the “survival curve” shows that more boys vaccinated with MMR (with autistic siblings) are diagnosed with autism than unvaccinated boys. The difference is not statistically significant but this may be an artifact of the very small subset of boys considered in this analysis.
The study authors also cite the CDC’s Destefano et al. 2004 study which actually
shows a statistically significant relationship between MMR timing and autism incidence. This is discussed further in a reanalysis of CDC’s data in the Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons (
Hooker, 2018).
8. Conflict of interest of the study authors:
It should be noted that
three of the study authors are currently employed at the Statens Serum Institut which is a for-profit vaccine manufacturer in Denmark. In addition, this work was
funded by a grant from the Novo Nordisk foundation. Novo Nordisk is a Danish multinational pharmaceutical manufacturer. These are two serious conflicts of interest.
The lead author, Anders Hviid was the second author on the New England Journal of Medicine MMR autism paper from 2002 (
Madsen et al. 2002). This research was completed despite the fact that the
study authors had never received proper ethics approval to complete the study.
A detailed analysis of this is featured by Children’s Health Defense.
With these issues, this paper cannot be relied upon as evidence that the MMR vaccine does not cause autism.
A Scientist's Rebuttal to the Danish Cohort Study - Focus for Health
