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Chinese ‘kill switches’ found hidden in US solar farms
Hidden cellular radios could be activated remotely to cripple power grids in the event of a confrontation between China and the West
www.thetimes.com
Chinese ‘kill switches’ found hidden in US solar farms
Hidden cellular radios could be activated remotely to cripple power grids in the event of a confrontation between China and the West
April 15 2025, 8.25am BST
Inverters are built to include remote access via the cellular network and utility companies commonly install firewalls to prevent hacking and communication back to China. However, the rogue components were not listed in product documents when they were shipped to the US.
Using the devices to get around firewalls, China could potentially switch off inverters remotely or change their settings to bring down the grid.
“That effectively means there is a built-in way to physically destroy the grid,” one source told Reuters.
One alarming security incident occurred in November, when solar power inverters in the US were disabled from China. The number of inverters that were affected and the damage done remains unclear, but the incident underscores the risk posed by Chinese technology being used in the West’s electricity networks.
Chinese infiltration of strategic US infrastructure has long been a source of concern as tensions rise between the rival superpowers. Beijing’s dominance over the manufacturing of essential parts for batteries and high-tech devices is seen as a critical security weakness. Chinese companies are required by law to co-operate with the country’s intelligence agencies, giving Beijing potential control over Chinese-made inverters connected to foreign power grids.
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“We know that China believes there is value in placing at least some elements of our core infrastructure at risk of destruction or disruption,” Mike Rogers, a former director of the US National Security Agency, said. “I think that the Chinese are, in part, hoping that the widespread use of inverters limits the options that the West has to deal with the security issue.”
The world’s largest supplier of inverters is Huawei, the Chinese tech giant that was barred from US telecoms networks on national security grounds in 2019 during President Trump’s first term. The company was accused of building backdoor access into its 5G telecoms equipment that could allow surveillance by the Chinese government. Huawei denied the claim.
The UK and Europe could also be exposed by Chinese-made parts in solar farms and wind turbines. A British government review of Chinese technology in the country’s renewable energy infrastructure is underway and will examine the risk posed by inverters made in China.
“Ten years ago, if you switched off the Chinese inverters, it would not have caused a dramatic thing to happen to European grids, but now the critical mass is much larger,” Philipp Schröder, the chief executive of German solar developer 1Komma5, said. The company avoids using Huawei inverters because of the potential security risk.
“China’s dominance is becoming a bigger issue because of the growing renewables capacity on Western grids and the increased likelihood of a prolonged and serious confrontation between China and the West,” Schröder added.
The wing-tip of a US U-2 surveillance plane is visible in this picture of the Chinese surveillance balloon that drifted over North America in 2023, conducting electronic surveillance.
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE/MEGA
US officials have called for a sweeping reassessment of potential security weaknesses in light of the latest alarm.
“The threat we face from the Chinese Communist Party [CCP] is real and growing. Whether it’s telecom hacks or remotely accessing solar and battery inverters, the CCP stops at nothing to target our sensitive infrastructure and components,” August Pfluger, a Republican congressman and member of the US Senate homeland security committee, told Reuters.
Recent security scares, including the Chinese spy balloon that drifted across the US in 2023, have reignited calls in Washington to confront the threat of espionage from Beijing. However, calls for bans on Chinese-made electronics, technology and social media platforms have only underscored the difficulty of disentangling the world’s two largest economies and loosening China’s grip on US supply chains.
As the competition for tech supremacy with China accelerates, US politicians introduced a bill this week that would require American manufacturers to build tracking technology into artificial intelligence (AI) microchips. The Chip Security Act will provide legal recourse to trace chips after they are shipped abroad and follows reports that US-made AI chips are being smuggled into China in breach of export controls.
Responding to the Reuters report, a spokesperson for China’s embassy in Washington said: “We oppose the generalisation of the concept of national security, distorting and smearing China’s infrastructure achievements.”
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Rogue communication devices found in Chinese solar power inverters
Summarize
Sarah McfarlaneMay 14, 202512:55 PM EDTUpdated 3 days ago
Solar panels are arrayed on Earth Day in Northfield
LONDON, May 14 (Reuters) - U.S. energy officials are reassessing the risk posed by Chinese-made devices that play a critical role in renewable energy infrastructure after unexplained communication equipment was found inside some of them, two people familiar with the matter said.
Power inverters, which are predominantly produced in China, are used throughout the world to connect solar panels and wind turbines to electricity grids. They are also found in batteries, heat pumps and electric vehicle chargers.
While inverters are built to allow remote access for updates and maintenance, the utility companies that use them typically install firewalls to prevent direct communication back to China.
However, rogue communication devices not listed in product documents have been found in some Chinese solar power inverters by U.S experts who strip down equipment hooked up to grids to check for security issues, the two people said.
Over the past nine months, undocumented communication devices, including cellular radios, have also been found in some batteries from multiple Chinese suppliers, one of them said.
Reuters was unable to determine how many solar power inverters and batteries they have looked at.
The rogue components provide additional, undocumented communication channels that could allow firewalls to be circumvented remotely, with potentially catastrophic consequences, the two people said.
Both declined to be named because they did not have permission to speak to the media.
"We know that China believes there is value in placing at least some elements of our core infrastructure at risk of destruction or disruption," said Mike Rogers, a former director of the U.S. National Security Agency. "I think that the Chinese are, in part, hoping that the widespread use of inverters limits the options that the West has to deal with the security issue."
A spokesperson for the Chinese embassy in Washington said: "We oppose the generalisation of the concept of national security, distorting and smearing China's infrastructure achievements."
Using the rogue communication devices to skirt firewalls and switch off inverters remotely, or change their settings, could destabilise power grids, damage energy infrastructure, and trigger widespread blackouts, experts said.
"That effectively means there is a built-in way to physically destroy the grid," one of the people said,
The two people declined to name the Chinese manufacturers of the inverters and batteries with extra communication devices, nor say how many they had found in total.
The existence of the rogue devices has not previously been reported. The U.S. government has not publicly acknowledged the discoveries.
Asked for comment, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) said it continually assesses risk associated with emerging technologies and that there were significant challenges with manufacturers disclosing and documenting functionalities.
"While this functionality may not have malicious intent, it is critical for those procuring to have a full understanding of the capabilities of the products received," a spokesperson said.
Work is ongoing to address any gaps in disclosures through "Software Bill of Materials" - or inventories of all the components that make up a software application - and other contractual requirements, the spokesperson said.
TRUSTED EQUIPMENT
As U.S.-China tensions escalate, the U.S. and others are reassessing China's role in strategic infrastructure because of concerns about potential security vulnerabilities, two former government officials said.
"The threat we face from the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is real and growing. Whether it's telecom hacks or remotely accessing solar and battery inverters, the CCP stops at nothing to target our sensitive infrastructure and components," said U.S. Representative August Pfluger, a Republican member of the Committee on Homeland Security.
"It is about time we ramp up our efforts to show China that compromising us will no longer be acceptable," he told Reuters.
In February, two U.S. Senators introduced the Decoupling from Foreign Adversarial Battery Dependence Act, banning the Department of Homeland Security from purchasing batteries from some Chinese entities, starting October 2027, due to national security concerns.
The bill was referred to the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs on March 11 and has yet to be enacted.
It aims to prevent Homeland Security from procuring batteries from six Chinese companies Washington says are closely linked to the Chinese Communist Party: Contemporary Amperex Technology Company (CATL) (300750.SZ), BYD Company (002594.SZ), Envision Energy, EVE Energy Company (300014.SZ), Hithium Energy Storage Technology Company, and Gotion High-tech Company (002074.SZ).
None of the companies responded to requests for comment.
Utilities are now preparing for similar bans on Chinese inverter manufacturers, three people with knowledge of the matter said.
Some utilities, including Florida's largest power supplier Florida Power & Light Company, are attempting to minimise the use of Chinese inverters by sourcing equipment from elsewhere, according to two people familiar with the matter. FPL did not respond to requests for comment.
The DOE spokesperson said: "As more domestic manufacturing takes hold, DOE is working across the federal government to strengthen U.S. supply chains, providing additional opportunities to integrate trusted equipment into the power grid."
'CATASTROPHIC IMPLICATIONS'
Huawei is the world's largest supplier of inverters, accounting for 29% of shipments globally in 2022, followed by Chinese peers Sungrow and Ginlong Solis, according to consultancy Wood Mackenzie.
German solar developer 1Komma5 said, however, that it avoids Huawei inverters, because of the brand's associations with security risks.
"Ten years ago, if you switched off the Chinese inverters, it would not have caused a dramatic thing to happen to European grids, but now the critical mass is much larger," 1Komma5 Chief Executive Philipp Schroeder said.
"China's dominance is becoming a bigger issue because of the growing renewables capacity on Western grids and the increased likelihood of a prolonged and serious confrontation between China and the West," he said.
Since 2019, the U.S. has restricted Huawei's access to U.S. technology, accusing the company of activities contrary to national security, which Huawei denies.
Chinese companies are required by law to cooperate with China's intelligence agencies, giving the government potential control over Chinese-made inverters connected to foreign grids, experts said.
While Huawei decided to leave the U.S. inverter market in 2019 - the year its 5G telecoms equipment was banned - it remains a dominant supplier elsewhere.
Huawei declined to comment.
In Europe, exercising control over just 3 to 4 gigawatts of energy could cause widespread disruption to electricity supplies, experts said.
The European Solar Manufacturing Council estimates over 200 GW of European solar power capacity is linked to inverters made in China - equivalent to more than 200 nuclear power plants.
At the end of last year, there was 338 GW of installed solar power in Europe, according to industry association SolarPower Europe.
"If you remotely control a large enough number of home solar inverters, and do something nefarious at once, that could have catastrophic implications to the grid for a prolonged period of time," said Uri Sadot, cyber security program director at Israeli inverter manufacturer SolarEdge.
STRATEGIC DEPENDENCIES
Other countries such as Lithuania and Estonia acknowledge the threats to energy security. In November, the Lithuanian government passed a law blocking remote Chinese access to solar, wind and battery installations above 100 kilowatts - by default restricting the use of Chinese inverters.
Energy minister Zygimantas Vaiciunas said this could be extended to smaller rooftop solar installations.
Estonia's Director General of the Foreign Intelligence Service, Kaupo Rosin, said the country could be at risk of blackmail from China if it did not ban Chinese technology in crucial parts of the economy, such as solar inverters.
Estonia's Ministries of Defence and Climate declined to comment when asked if they had taken any action.
In Britain, the government's review of Chinese renewable energy technology in the energy system - due to be concluded in the coming months - includes looking at inverters, a person familiar with the matter said.
In November, solar power inverters in the U.S. and elsewhere were disabled from China, highlighting the risk of foreign influence over local electricity supplies and causing concern among government officials, three people familiar with the matter said.
Reuters was unable to determine how many inverters were switched off, or the extent of disruption to grids. The DOE declined to comment on the incident.
The incident led to a commercial dispute between inverter suppliers Sol-Ark and Deye, the people said.
"Sol-Ark does not comment on vendor relationships, including any relationship with Deye, nor does it have any control over inverters that are not branded Sol-Ark, as was the case in the November 2024 situation you referenced," a Sol-Ark spokesperson said.
Deye (605117.SS) did not respond to requests for comment.
The energy sector is trailing other industries such as telecoms and semiconductors, where regulations have been introduced in Europe and the U.S. to mitigate China's dominance.
Security analysts say this is partly because decisions about whether to secure energy infrastructure are mostly dictated by the size of any installation.
Household solar or battery storage systems fall below thresholds where security requirements typically kick-in, they said, despite now contributing a significant share of power on many Western grids.
NATO, the 32-country Western security alliance, said China's efforts to control member states' critical infrastructure - including inverters - were intensifying.
"We must identify strategic dependencies and take steps to reduce them," said a NATO official.
Additional reporting by Andrius Sytas in Vilnius; Editing by David Clarke
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