He didn’t even surpass trunks. Let alone goku
Only time he ever did was after he & Trunks first came out of the chamber before Goku went in.
Even then he was still weaker than Trunks.
Vegeta was stronger than Trunks, not in brute strength but it wasn't an arm wrestling contest it was a fight, even Goku said that form had a weakness cuz it slows you down, even Cell clowned Trunks for transforming into that super buff mode Cell gave Trunks some hands and told Trunks even Vegeta was smart enough not to power up to the point of gettin super brolic.
To answer OP once Goku got out the chamber with Gohan he was more powerful than Prince Vegeta, even if Vegeta didn't catch the hands from Perfect Cell and was at his full strength.
so Goku
but I honestly think SS2 Vegeta would gave Trunks that work if he powered up and blew up his muscles Vegeta woulda whipped his a$$ in hand to hand combat just like Perfect Cell after he got out the chamber. IMO of course