A Title IX investigation is a formal process at U.S. educational institutions (receiving federal funds) to address complaints of sex-based discrimination, harassment, sexual assault, or misconduct, ensuring compliance with Title IX, a federal civil rights law that prohibits such discrimination. These investigations involve gathering evidence from complainants, respondents, and witnesses, determining if school policy was violated, and can lead to disciplinary actions like suspension or expulsion for the accused, and remedies for the victim, separate from any criminal case.