Faces of Ancient Egypt

[Phitz]

We have to be. It's one of the greatest civilizations in Africa, and White people have tried to take it from our people.

It's clear those dudes were East Africans and similar to Sudanese, Ethiopians, Eritreans, so it's an insult to allow Cacs to muddy history.

by who's standards? Ancient Sudanese Empire gave Egypt everything that made it great. Mali and Songhai were just as great

I think partly it's insecurity based on yte standards to be frank. In Africa, east and west we're not that zealous about Egypt as our brothers across the Atlantic

We tend to value Kingdom of Kongo, Sudan/Soudan(east and west Sudan Empire), Songhai, Mali way more than Egypt. The AES itself is just a huge piece of ancient Sudan/Soudan coming back.

 

[Ish Gibor]

Italians are not yet but ancient Egyptians

“Artificial mummification in ancient Egypt involved the application of chemicals to the body mostly for the purpose of preservation; others were applied for ritual aspects. Unguents were used also in everyday toilette. Here we report a type of material which was applied specifically to the hair, a fatty material used as a ‘hair gel’. Personal appearance was important to the ancient Egyptians so much so that in cases where the hair was styled the embalming process was adapted to preserve the hair style. This further ensured that the deceased’s individuality was retained in death, as it had been in life, and emphasises the importance of the hair in ancient Egyptian society.”

(N.C. McCreesh, A.P. Gize and A.R. David - Ancient Egyptian hair gel: new insight into ancient Egyptian mummification procedures through chemical analysis, Journal of Archaeological Science Volume 38, Issue 12, December 2011, Pages 3432-3434)


“The head cones were actually solid lumps of perfumed fat that melted over the heads of their wearers and acted as a sort of ancient, fragranced hair gel.”

(Erin Blakemore, Ancient Egyptian 'head cone mystery' solved by archaeologists - Published 15 Dec 2019, 08:00 GMT National Geographic)


Symbolic Egyptian Head Cones Were A Reality, Archaeologists Find:

“Using non-destructive analysis including portable X-ray fluoroscopy in the field, the researchers determined that the “interior of both cones showed peaks characteristic of plant or animal wax.” They further conclude that, “as beeswax is the only biological wax currently known to have been used by the ancient Egyptians, it can be posited to be the source of this material.”

(Forbes Innovation Science Editors' Pick Symbolic Egyptian Head Cones Were A Reality, Archaeologists Find Kristina Killgrove Former Contributor Archaeologist, Writer, Scientist)



Images from: “The Social and Ritual Contextualisation of Ancient Egyptian Hair and Hairstyles from the Protodynastic to the End of the Old Kingdom, Volume 1”

Geoffrey John Tassie, The Social and Ritual Contextualisation of Ancient Egyptian Hair and Hairstyles from the Protodynastic to the End of the Old Kingdom, Volume 1, From representation to reality: ancient Egyptian wax head cones from Amarna

 

[Ozymandeas]

by who's standards? Ancient Sudanese Empire gave Egypt everything that made it great. Mali and Songhai were just as great

I think partly it's insecurity based on yte standards to be frank. In Africa, east and west we're not as zealous about Egypt as our brothers across the Atlantic

We tend to value Kingdom of Kongo, Sudan/Soudan(east and west Sudan Empire), Songhai, Mali way more than Egypt. The AES itself is just a huge piece of ancient Sudan/Soudan coming back.

Egypt existed for 5,000 years. It started as a black civilization and I'm not letting cacs lie about it. Anytime I see it online, Imma call it out.

It's the principle of the matter.

We wouldn't be having a conversation about ignoring Ancient Rome if me and you were white.

 

[Phitz]

Egypt existed for 5,000 years. It started as a black civilization and I'm not letting cacs lie about it. Anytime I see it online, Imma call it out.

It's the principle of the matter.

We wouldn't be having a conversation about ignoring Ancient Rome if me and you were white.

They can't lie, they've already acknowledged their racism about Sudan and how it was adanced. Like I said, Sudan gave Egypt everything. I still say the Europeans put some insecurity in you all in the west and the Egypt zeal is product of that. I rarely hear abougt you all mention or reverence the other kingdoms we referenc or the ones you DIRECTLY come from, only Egypt because it appears light skin or yte adjacent. JMHO

 

[Ty Daniels]

by who's standards? Ancient Sudanese Empire gave Egypt everything that made it great. Mali and Songhai were just as great

I think partly it's insecurity based on yte standards to be frank. In Africa, east and west we're not that zealous about Egypt as our brothers across the Atlantic

We tend to value Kingdom of Kongo, Sudan/Soudan(east and west Sudan Empire), Songhai, Mali way more than Egypt. The AES itself is just a huge piece of ancient Sudan/Soudan coming back.

This is Bullshyt.

The entire world is in Awe Of Ancient Egypt, not Just Black Americans.

Nothing to do with "Insecurity", SMH



And most Black Americans that do study Egypt, study the full Nile Valley (Kush & Nubia/Sudan Included), along with Great Zimbabwe, Dhar Tichitt, Djenné-Jeno, Gao, NOK, Benin ETC....

 

[Phitz]

This is Bullshyt.

The entire world is in Awe Ancient Egypt, not Just Black Americans.

Nothing to do with "Insecurity", SMH



And most Black Americans that do study Egypt, study the full Nile Valley (Kush & Nubia/Sudan Included), along with Great Zimbabwe, Dhar Tichitt, Gao, NOK, Benin ETC....

the bolded black proves my point

Egypt is presented as European adjacent and you all have a hidden shame about the other kingdoms even Sudan which was greater than Egypt and birthed Egypt.

As for the red you sya this yet you all HARP on Egypt because EGypt is the WHITE standard.

Sudan is the African standard. This is a blind spot for alot of you.

Kongo, Mali, Songhai, Egypt, Zimbabwe are all children of Sudan. They are the regional standards yet you all rarely if ever mention the regional standards or Sudan, only zealous for Egypt because it's the white standard.

 

[Ozymandeas]

They can't lie, they've already acknowledged their racism about Sudan and how it was adanced. Like I said, Sudan gave Egypt everything. I still say the Europeans put some insecurity in you all in the west and the Egypt zeal is product of that. I rarely hear abougt you all mention or reverence the other kingdoms we referenc or the ones you DIRECTLY come from, only Egypt because it appears light skin or yte adjacent. JMHO

Egypt is the greatest civilization in Africa. That's objectively a fact. Mali, Songhai, and Ghana lasted 300 years a piece. That's a Dynasty in Ancient Egypt. I can just as easily say you're weak-minded, and you've let Cacs make you feel insecure. Just look at the sentences you're using. "Where you directly come from". That's Cac Language. You let White People make you feel embarrassed to talk about a Civilization that was BLACK Furthermore, you think white people descended from Germanics from Germany and Picts from Scotland have a direct connection to Greece and Rome.....hell no.....but they studied Plato and Socrates and read plays by Aeschylus anyway. Them dudes were from the farthest reaches of the Roman Empire and Trajan built a wall to keep those dudes away and all they talk about is Rome this, Rome that, so breh, we can talk about Egypt. Lastly, my genetic testing brought up Egypt and I know alot of AfAms have the same genetic ties because many Egyptians spread throughout the rest of Africa.

 

[Ty Daniels]

the bolded black proves my point

Egypt is presented as European adjacent and you all have a hidden shame about the other kingdoms even Sudan which was greater than Egypt and birthed Egypt.

As for the red you sya this yet you all HARP on Egypt because EGypt is the WHITE standard.

Sudan is the African standard. This is a blind spot for alot of you.

Kongo, Mali, Songhai, Egypt, Zimbabwe are all children of Sudan. They are the regional standards yet you all rarely if ever mention the regional standards or Sudan, only zealous for Egypt because it's the white standard.

More BULLSHYT,

You always have some passive-aggressive BYTCH SHYT to say about Black Americans.



I have ZERO "Hidden Shame" about any part of African History, I've dedicated 30+ Years of my life studying Black History.

How long have you studied any history that wasn't directly of your Ethnic group? How many years???

Fukk out of here trying to group Black American's into some "Shame Group", when WE HAVE LEAD THE DISCUSSION OF AFRICAN HISTORY(120 years Plus), AND FOUGHT THE MOST AGAINST EUROCENTRIC BULLSHYT ABOUT AFRICA.

 

[Ish Gibor]

the bolded black proves my point

Egypt is presented as European adjacent and you all have a hidden shame about the other kingdoms even Sudan which was greater than Egypt and birthed Egypt.

As for the red you sya this yet you all HARP on Egypt because EGypt is the WHITE standard.

Sudan is the African standard. This is a blind spot for alot of you.

Kongo, Mali, Songhai, Egypt, Zimbabwe are all children of Sudan. They are the regional standards yet you all rarely if ever mention the regional standards or Sudan, only zealous for Egypt because it's the white standard.

“Ancient finds in the Western Desert of Egypt at Gebel Ramlah circa 5,000 BC show culture closely linked with indigenous tropical Africans of both the Saharan and sub-Saharan regions, not Europe or the Middle East. Dental studies put the inhabitants of Gebel Ramlah, closest to indigenous tropical African populations.”

(Michal Kobusiewicz, Joel D. Irish et al., Burial practices of the Final Neolithic pastoralists at Gebel Ramlah, Western Desert of Egypt, Gebel Ramlah—a Unique Newborns’ Cemetery of the Neolithic Sahara (2009, 2018))


"When the Elephantine results were added to a broader pooling of the physical characteristics drawn from a wide geographic region which includes Africa, the Mediterranean and the Near East quite strong affinities emerge between Elephantine and populations from Nubia, supporting a strong south-north cline."
[…]
"..sample populations available from northern Egypt from before the 1st Dynasty (Merimda, Maadi and Wadi Digla) turn out to be significantly different from sample populations from early Palestine and Byblos, suggesting a lack of common ancestors over a long time. If there was a south-north cline variation along the Nile valley it did not, from this limited evidence, continue smoothly on into southern Palestine. The limb-length proportions of males from the Egyptian sites group them with Africans rather than with Europeans."
(Barry Kemp - Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization. (p. 52, 54-60))

Ancient Egypt : anatomy of a civilization : Kemp, Barry J : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

Includes bibliographical references and index

archive.org

"Ancient Egypt belongs to a language group known as 'Afroasiatic' (formerly called Hamito-Semitic) and its closest relatives are other north-east African languages from Somalia to Chad. Egypt's cultural features, both material and ideological and particularly in the earliest phases, show clear connections with that same broad area. In sum, ancient Egypt was an African culture, developed by African peoples, who had wide ranging contacts in north Africa and western Asia.”
[...] (p. 10)
"The ancient Egyptians were not 'white' in any European sense, nor were they 'Caucasian' [...] we can say that the earliest population of ancient Egypt included African people from the upper Nile, African people from the regions of the Sahara and modern Libya, and smaller numbers of people who had come from south-western Asia and perhaps the Arabian penisula."

(Robert Morkot - The Egyptians: An Introduction. (pp. 12-13))

The Egyptians : an introduction : Morkot, Robert : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

245 p. : 22 cm

archive.org

“The process of the peopling of the Nile Valley likely shaped the population structure and early biological similarity of Egyptians and Nubians. As others have noted, affinity among Nilotic populations was due to an aggregation of events, including environmental, linguistic, and sociopolitical changes over a great deal of time. This study seeks to evaluate the relationships of Nubian and Egyptian groups in the context of the original peopling event. Cranial nonmetric traits from 18 Nubian and Egyptian samples, spanning Lower Egypt to Lower Nubia and approximately 7400 years, were analyzed using Mahalanobis D2 as a measure of biological distance. A principal coordinates analysis and spatial-temporal model were applied to these data. The results reveal temporal and spatial patterning consistent with documented events in Egyptian and Nubian population history. Moreover, the Mesolithic Nubian sample clustered with later Nubian and Egyptian samples, indicating that events prior to the Mesolithic were important in shaping the later genetic patterning of the Nubian population. Later contact through the establishment of the Egyptian fort at Buhen, Kerma’s position as a strategic trade center along the Nile, and Egyptian colonization at Tombos maintained genetic similarity among the populations”

A new analysis interpreting Nilotic relationships and peopling of the Nile Valley

The process of the peopling of the Nile Valley likely shaped the population structure and early biological similarity of Egyptians and Nubians. As others have noted, affinity among Nilotic populations was due to an aggregation of events, including

www.academia.edu

(Godde K, A new analysis interpreting Nilotic relationships and peopling of the Nile Valley (July 2018))

 

[Ish Gibor]

More BULLSHYT,

You always have some passive-aggressive BYTCH SHYT to say about Black Americans.



I have ZERO "Hidden Shame" about any part of African History, I've dedicated 30+ Years of my life studying Black History.

How long have you studied any history that wasn't directly of your Ethnic group? How many years???

Fukk out of here trying to group Black American's into some "Shame Group", when WE HAVE LEAD THE DISCUSSION OF AFRICAN HISTORY(120 years Plus), AND FOUGHT THE MOST AGAINST EUROCENTRIC BULLSHYT ABOUT AFRICA.

“Trinkhaus found Holocene Egyptians plotting nearer to, or resemble more other tropically adapted peoples like Pygmies, US Blacks and Melanesians. The closest match is with fellow Africans. Southern Europeans like Yugoslavs, Northern Europeans like Belgians, and white Americans are more distant from the US blacks and Egyptians. (Trinkhaus, E. (1981) ‘Neanderthal limb proportions and cold adaptation’. p. 211). Trinkhaus’s results confirm studies going back to the 1950s, and recent limb studies by Zakrewski (2003). Raxter, Ruff et. al. (2008) applied limb analysis to ancient Egyptians. The outcome was the same. US Blacks linked closer to the Egyptians, than whites.”

(Raxter & Ruff, et al. (2008) Stature estimation in ancient Egyptians. Amer J. Phy Anthro 136 (2), 147-55.)

 

[Ish Gibor]

Egypt existed for 5,000 years. It started as a black civilization and I'm not letting cacs lie about it. Anytime I see it online, Imma call it out.

It's the principle of the matter.

We wouldn't be having a conversation about ignoring Ancient Rome if me and you were white.

El- Barga reveals one of the most important necropoleis of the early Holocene in Africa.

“This site was discovered in 2001 during a survey concentrating on the zones bordering the alluvial plain. The name el-Barga is borrowed from a nearby mountain. The site is located on an elevation formed by an outcrop of bedrock (Nubian sandstone) less than 15 km from the Nile, as the crow flies. It includes a settlement area dated to circa 7500 B.C. and cemeteries belonging to two distinct periods.

The habitation is a circular hut slightly less than five metres in diameter, its maximum depth exceeding 50 centimetres. This semi-subterranean structure contained a wealth of artefacts resulting from the site’s occupation (ceramics, grinding tools, flint objects, ostrich eggshell beads, a mother-of-pearl pendant, bone tools, faunal remains, shells). The abundance of artefacts discovered suggests a marked inclination towards a sedentary lifestyle, even though certain activities (fishing and hunting) necessitate seasonal migration.

North of this habitation, about forty burials were dated to the Epipalaeolithic (7700-7000 B.C.) and generally do not contain any furnishings. On the other hand, the Neolithic cemetery (6000-5500 B.C.) located further south comprises about a hundred burials often containing artefacts (adornment, ceramics, flint or bone objects).”

(Kerma, Mission archéologique suisse au Soudan)


“Our article presents a detailed Holocene archaeological sequence from the Nile Valley at Kerma in Upper Nubia, northern Sudan. This sequence retraces the evolution of human populations thanks to the study of several sites, supported by 90 14C dates. Reconstruction of the environmental changes was supported by a study of dated stratigraphic sections located near the archaeological sites studied, and illustrates the effects on human occupation of changes in river flow and floods, which are in turn forced by climatic changes. The results shed new light on the evolutionary dynamics of the Holocene populations in Nile Valley, little known due to the numerous hiatuses in occupation. When compared with the situation in the Sahara and the rest of the Nile Valley, they confirm that the initial occupation took place ca. 10.5 kyr BP after the start of the African Humid Period, followed by a migration towards the banks of the Nile commencing 7.3 kyr BP. They also confirm the appearance of the Neolithic by ca. 8.0 kyr BP. The Kerma stratigraphic sequences show two prosperous periods (10–8 and 7-6 kyr BP) and two hiatuses in the occupation of the sites (7.5–7.1 and 6.0–5.4 kyr BP),resulting from increased aridity.”

(Matthieu Honeggera, Martin Williams b et al., Human occupations and environmental changes in the Nile valley during the Holocene: The case of Kerma in Upper Nubia (northern Sudan))

Human occupations and environmental changes in the Nile valley during the Holocene: The case of Kerma in Upper Nubia (northern Sudan

Our article presents a detailed Holocene archaeological sequence from the Nile Valley at Kerma in Upper Nubia, northern Sudan. This sequence retraces the evolution of human populations thanks to the study of several sites, supported by 90 14C dates.

www.academia.edu

"A preliminary comparison of dental nonmetric data in 15 late Pleistocene through early historic Nubian samples (n=795 individuals) with recently discovered remains from al Khiday in Upper Nubia may provide the answer. Dating to at least 9,000+ BP, the new sample (n=40) may be the first of Late Paleolithic age recovered in >40 years; however, until additional fieldwork and dating are conducted, the excavators prefer the more conservative term of "pre-Mesolithic."

(Irish et al., Population continuity after all? Potential late Pleistocene dental ancestors of Holocene Nubians have been found! AJPA Sup 54: 172-173)



Introduction

"The population of the pre-Mesolithic cemetery at Al Khiday 2 (16-D-4, Figure 1) in central Sudan must have had a unique outlook on the afterlife. Archaeologists associate flexed inhumation burials common to prehistoric cemeteries worldwide with the foetal position, a formal expression of a 'new life'. However, what explanation can be suggested for burying the deceased in a prone and extended position as found at Al Khiday 2? Here we report on this unique cemetery with its unusual burial rite (Figure 2)

The population of the pre-Mesolithic cemetery at Al Khiday 2 (16-D-4, Figure 1) in central Sudan must have had a unique outlook on the afterlife. Archaeologists associate flexed inhumation burials common to prehistoric cemeteries worldwide with the foetal position, a formal expression of a 'new life'. However, what explanation can be suggested for burying the deceased in a prone and extended position as found at Al Khiday 2? Here we report on this unique cemetery with its unusual burial rite (Figure 2)

The cemetery is a multi-stratified site on a low fluvial bar, probably deposited by the Nile in the Upper Pleistocene (Williamson 2009), and is located 35km south of Omdurman, on the western bank of the White Nile. The site of Al Khiday 2 was discovered during an extensive survey covering c. 245km². Archaeological work took place in 2006-2008 excavating c. 475m². A total of 120 skeletons have so far been excavated and bioarchaeological studies, including demography, metric and non-metric analysis to establish population differences, as well as skeletal and dental pathology, were carried out. The site was excavated stratigraphically and organic material (charcoals, bones and shells) was collected for radiocarbon dating, performed at BETA Analytic Laboratory, USA (Table 1). Archaeological contexts were defined by pottery decoration, according to a classification proposed by Caneva (Caneva 1988), and supported by layer-feature specific radiometric dating. Calibration (2σ in the text) of conventional and AMS radiocarbon results used INTCAL04 under OxCal v.3.10; uncalibrated years are reported as bp while calibrated age is indicated as cal years BC/AD

So far, 50 individuals (males, females and children of all ages) have been excavated by the Is.I.A.O. (Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente) Archaeological Mission, all buried lying on their front. On the basis of radiocarbon dates (conventional and AMS) and stratigraphy the burials date to a pre-Mesolithic phase. During a well-defined Mesolithic phase (6580-6440 cal BC) the site was used as a settlement and later by a Neolithic population as a burial ground (4360-4250 cal BC). More recently, a Meroitic group selected it as their cemetery (20-140 cal AD). A total of 120 graves have been excavated and, on the basis of surface finds, nearly half of the cemetery has now been investigated. Ongoing bioarchaeological analyses indicate that the three populations differ in robusticity, occurrence of skeletal and dental diseases and tooth modification practices.

The Mesolithic features, consisting of pits of different function, allow the reconstruction of the anthropic and natural disturbances affecting the oldest graveyard phase (Figures 3 and 4). The pre-Mesolithic skeletons cannot be directly dated, being almost completely depleted of organic material (collagen), but they are placed in time through the stratigraphic evidence provided by some of these pits. Three radiocarbon dates on charcoal and shell from pits cutting through the skeletons imply a date for the human remains before 6600 cal BC (6660-6500 cal BC; 7050-6400 cal BC; 6590-6380 cal BC). These dates are supported by the pottery assemblage from the pits, which is also radiocarbon dated from a stratified layer at the nearby Al Khiday 1 settlement (Salvatori & Usai 2009), to about 6640-6450 cal BC. A radiocarbon date of 6650-6470 cal BC on organic matter in a marsh deposit formed during the Mesolithic occupation of the site, after the burial of the prone individuals, supports the attribution to a pre-Mesolithic phase."

(Donatella Usai, Sandro Salvatori et al., Excavating a unique pre-Mesolithic cemetery in central Sudan)

 

[Ozymandeas]

“Trinkhaus found Holocene Egyptians plotting nearer to, or resemble more other tropically adapted peoples like Pygmies, US Blacks and Melanesians. The closest match is with fellow Africans. Southern Europeans like Yugoslavs, Northern Europeans like Belgians, and white Americans are more distant from the US blacks and Egyptians. (Trinkhaus, E. (1981) ‘Neanderthal limb proportions and cold adaptation’. p. 211). Trinkhaus’s results confirm studies going back to the 1950s, and recent limb studies by Zakrewski (2003). Raxter, Ruff et. al. (2008) applied limb analysis to ancient Egyptians. The outcome was the same. US Blacks linked closer to the Egyptians, than whites.”

(Raxter & Ruff, et al. (2008) Stature estimation in ancient Egyptians. Amer J. Phy Anthro 136 (2), 147-55.)

What do you know...Africans who lived 300 to 400 miles from Sudan are genetically close to other Black Africans

I can't believe White people have gained so much global power that they can argue against common sense.

 

[Ty Daniels]

What do you know...Africans who lived 300 to 400 miles from Sudan are genetically close to other Black Africans

I can't believe White people have gained so much global power that they can argue against common sense.

Breh,

Even the primary/Dominate Sickle Cell trait in Egypt (Ancient and Modern), is the West African variant (Benin).

The Great Lakes, Green Sahara, and Nile Valley all have connections to wider Africa, and all are integral parts of understanding African History.

 

[Ozymandeas]

Breh,

Even the primary/Dominate Sickle Cell trait in Egypt (Ancient and Modern), is the West African variant (Benin).

The Great Lakes, Green Sahara, and Nile Valley all have connections to wider Africa, and all are integral parts of understanding African History.

When more research is done on the Green Sahara and all the water ways that were there, they'll still say Black Africans didn't come that far

 

[Ish Gibor]

What do you know...Africans who lived 300 to 400 miles from Sudan are genetically close to other Black Africans

I can't believe White people have gained so much global power that they can argue against common sense.

"The Mahalanobis D2 analysis uncovered close affinities between Nubians and Egyptians. Table 3 lists the Mahalanobis D2 distance matrix. As there is no significance testing that is available to be applied to this form of Mahalanobis distances, the biodistance scores must be interpreted in relation to one another, rather than on a general scale. In some cases, the statistics reveal that the Egyptian samples were more similar to Nubian samples than to other Egyptian samples (e.g. Gizeh and Hesa/Biga) and vice versa (e.g. Badari and Kerma, Naqada and Christian).

These relationships are further depicted in the PCO plot (Fig. 2). Aside from these interpopulation relationships, some Nubian groups are still more similar to other Nubians and some Egyptians are more similar to other Egyptian samples. Moreover, although the Nubian and Egyptian samples formed one well-distributed group, the Egyptian samples clustered in the upper left region, while the Nubians concentrated in the lower right of the plot. One line can be drawn that would separate the closely dispersed Egyptians and Nubians. The predynastic Egyptian samples clustered together (Badari and Naqada), while Gizeh most closely groups with the Lisht sample. The first two principal coordinates from PCO account for 60% of the variation in the samples. The graph from PCO is basically a pictorial representation of the distance matrix and interpretations from the plot mirror the Mahalanobis D2 matrix.”

An examination of Nubian and Egyptian biological distances: support for biological diffusion or in situ development? - PubMed

Many authors have speculated on Nubian biological evolution. Because of the contact Nubians had with other peoples, migration and/or invasion (biological diffusion) were originally thought to be the biological mechanism for skeletal changes in Nubians. Later, a new hypothesis was put forth, the...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

“The process of the peopling of the Nile Valley likely shaped the population structure and early biological similarity of Egyptians and Nubians. As others have noted, affinity among Nilotic populations was due to an aggregation of events, including environmental, linguistic, and sociopolitical changes over a great deal of time. This study seeks to evaluate the relationships of Nubian and Egyptian groups in the context of the original peopling event. Cranial nonmetric traits from 18 Nubian and Egyptian samples, spanning Lower Egypt to Lower Nubia and approximately 7400 years,were analyzed using Mahalanobis D2 as a measure of biological distance. A principal coordinates analysis and spatial-temporal model were applied to these data. The results reveal temporal and spatial patterning consistent with documented events in Egyptian and Nubian population history. Moreover, the Mesolithic Nubian sample clustered with later Nubian and Egyptian samples, indicating that events prior to the Mesolithic were important in shaping the later genetic patterning of the Nubian population. Later contact through the establishment of the Egyptian fort at Buhen, Kerma’s position as a strategic trade center along the Nile, and Egyptian colonization at Tombos maintained genetic similarity among the populations”

A new analysis interpreting Nilotic relationships and peopling of the Nile Valley - PubMed

The process of the peopling of the Nile Valley likely shaped the population structure and early biological similarity of Egyptians and Nubians. As others have noted, affinity among Nilotic populations was due to an aggregation of events, including environmental, linguistic, and sociopolitical...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov