The chicken comes before the egg. As a case study, you need to compare latino youth to black youth. They often have way more gangs as well have similar low rates of reading and math scores in school. However, later in lfie latino youth tend to do well. Why is that? MORE ACCCESS TO CAPITAL. Wether its in the form of employment (construction jobs, food trucks and government policy) or more credit lines etc.
>you need that before improving emphasis on education. The only exception to this comes from people from cultures with a LONG STANDING TRADITION that favors education (confucianism, judaism etc.). This takes generations to cultivate though. You need government policy to kick start that process though. Jewish gangs were big when they first move here. it wasnt until government policty and access to capital allowed jewish youth to matriculate to law schools and medical schools in record numbers that their situation changed.