Southern whites were very divided in 1867. Some of them said, "We've got to go out. We've got to mobilize ourselves. We've got to go out and out-vote these people." Most Southern states had white majorities. So even if all blacks voted, if the whites could unite against them, they could still keep control. In other places they said, "No, this is a travesty of democracy. We're just going to boycott. We're going to have nothing to do with it. Let them go ahead and they'll do all sorts of crazy things, and they'll discredit themselves." And then there were some white Southern leaders who said, "Well, we've got to go out and appeal to them. We've got to get them to vote for us. They don't have to vote Republican." And some of them actually went and gave speeches to black gatherings, and basically said, "Look, we were masters... You understand how good slavery was. You should vote for us." But those speeches didn't seem to get a lot of support. So there was a lot of uncertainty and political division within the white population in 1867, about how to respond to this completely new situation.From 1868 through the early 1870s the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) functioned as a loosely organized group of political and social terrorists. The Klan's goals included the political defeat of the Republican Party and the maintenance of absolute white supremacy in response to newly gained civil and political rights by southern blacks after the Civil War (1861-65). They were more successful in achieving their political goals than they were with their social goals during the Reconstruction era.
KKK formed because they did not want newly freedmen -- or Black people in general anywhere in the U.S. to have rights. They didn't want them to vote, be employed, go to school, run a business -- anything. In Reconstruction, the KKK served as a terrorism group to stop Black people from voting. Political terrorism.
In this case, the target was Davie Jeems, a black Republican recently elected sheriff in Lincoln County, Georgia. The language of the document evokes a ghostly menacing presence; even the handwriting is reminiscent of a ransom note. The word "notice" and the two holes at the top indicate that it was most likely posted in a public place. Someone has written on the back of the sheet that "similar threats have prevented all the other Republican officers to take their [commissions]." With the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1871, the already weakened Klan became dormant, but it resurfaced again in 1915.
Notice
To Jeems, Davie. you. must. be, a good boy. and. Quit. hunting on Sunday and shooting your gun in the night. you keep people from sleeping. I live in a big rock above the Ford of the Creek. I went from Lincoln County County [sic] during the War I was Killed at Manassus in 1861. I am here now as a Locust in the day Time and. at night I am a Ku Klux sent here to look after you and all the rest of the radicals and make you know your place. I have got my eye on you every day, I am at the Ford of the creek every evening From Sundown till dark I want to meet you there next Saturday tell platt Madison we have, a Box. For him and you. We nail all, radicals up in Boxes and send them away to KKK - there is. 200 000 ded men retured to this country to make you and all the rest of the radicals good Democrats and vote right with the white people. A Ku Klux Klan threat, 1868 | Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
Telegram from R. Starkweather, a teacher in Stevenson, Alabama, to General Crawford.
Telegram from R. Starkweather, a teacher in Stevenson, Alabama, to General Crawford. :: Alabama Textual Materials Collection
In the message Starkweather asks for military assistance to protect the city from Klan violence: "Guard needed here--Civil guard overpowered and prisoner taken out by Ku Klux, our lives in danger--Officer in charge refused to stay." A transcription is included. Date 1870 March 1
Letter from Sheriff W. L. Guin in Vernon, Alabama, to Governor William Hugh Smith.
Letter from Sheriff W. L. Guin in Vernon, Alabama, to Governor William Hugh Smith. :: Alabama Textual Materials Collection
In the letter Guin, the sheriff of Sanford County (present-day Lamar County) describes violence against African American citizens in Fayette County. He gives details about six murders that have occurred in the last few months; the guilty parties have not been punished, even though some victims were carried away in "open daylight." He does not mention the Ku Klux Klan specifically, but he describes an incident that is characteristic of Klan activity: "There was a band of disguised men rode into Fayetteville after night during the last circuit court. They are also giving orders to whipping and abusing negros [sic] around Fayetteville, and threatening to chastise them if they appear when summoned to go to court." Though he knows of no similar "outrages" in his own area, he also refers to problems in Walker, Greene, Tuscaloosa, and Morgan Counties.
Black Militias sprouted up all over the south to protect Black families and Black people in general during Reconstruction -- due to the Union Army leaving the South -- and the newly freedman unprotected.
Alabama:
After the
Civil War, southern states slowly began to rebuild their state militias. Among these new militia organizations were a limited number of black units, including three in
Alabama: the Magic City Guards in
Birmingham, Gilmer's Rifles in
Mobile, and the Capital City Guards in
Montgomery. Like their counterparts throughout the South, members of these militias endured neglect and persistent discrimination from state government and white military organizations. Members often suffered from the same racism found in their local communities. Despite the rise of
Jim Crow laws, however, two of the three Alabama black militia units remained active into the late-nineteenth century (Gilmer's Rifles) and early-twentieth century (Capital City Guards), and their longevity owed much to the political skills and determination of their leaders, Reuben Romulus Mims of Mobile and Abraham Calvin Caffey of Montgomery.
Black Militias in Alabama | Encyclopedia of Alabama
South Carolina:
Hamburg, South Carolina, was an all-black town on the border with Georgia, an area that was a stronghold for the Democratic Party. Hearing news of white militias forming in surrounding towns, the intendant (or mayor) of Hamburg, John Gardner, formed an all-black militia of 84 men and, with the following letter, asked the governor to arm them as part of the state’s National Guard.
Black South Carolinians Form a Militia For Protection (1874)
Jim Williams (c 1830 - March 6, 1871) was a civil rights leader and African-American militia leader in the 1860s and 1870s in
York County, South Carolina. He escaped slavery during the
US Civil War and joined the
Union Army. After the war, Williams led a black militia organization which sought to protect black rights in the area. In 1871, he was
lynched and hung by members of the local
Ku Klux Klan. As a result, a large group of local blacks emigrated to
Liberia.