France in the American Civil War
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_American_Civil_War
The
French Empire remained officially neutral throughout the
American Civil War and never recognized the
Confederate States of America. However, several major industries in France and Emperor
Napoleon III had economic interests or territorial ambitions which favored dealings with the Confederacy. At the same time, other French political leaders, such as Foreign Minister
Edouard Thouvenel, favored the United States.
Between 1861 and 1865, the
Union blockade cut off most cotton supplies to French textile mills, causing the "
famine du coton" (cotton famine). Mills in
Alsace,
Nord-Pas-de-Calais and
Normandy saw prices of cotton double by 1862 and were forced to lay off many workers.
As a result, many French industrialists and politicians were rather favorable to a quick Southern victory. Emperor
Napoléon III was also interested in
Central America (trade and plans of a transoceanic canal) and wanted to create a new empire in Mexico, where his troops landed in December 1861. A Confederate victory would have likely made this plan easier.
Further information:
French intervention in Mexico
William L. Dayton, who was appointed minister to France by President
Lincoln, met the French Foreign Minister,
Edouard Thouvenel, who was pro-Union and was influential in dampening Napoleon’s initial inclination towards diplomatic recognition of Confederate independence. However, Thouvenel resigned from office in 1862. The Southern delegate in Paris,
John Slidell, made offers to Napoléon III : in exchange for a recognition of the Confederate States and naval help sent in
New Orleans to break the blockade, the Confederacy would sell raw cotton to France.
[1] Count Walewski and
Eugène Rouher agreed with him, but British disapproval and, especially, the first Union military victories led French diplomacy to refuse this plan. In 1864, Napoléon III sent his own dentist and confidant, the Philadelphian
Thomas W. Evans, as an unofficial diplomat to Lincoln and U. S. Secretary of State
William H. Seward. Evans convinced the Emperor that Southern defeat was impending.
In keeping with its official neutrality, the French government blocked the sale of the ironclad
CSS Stonewall prior to delivery to the Confederacy in February 1864 and resold this ship to the
Royal Danish Navy as the Stærkodder. The ship left Bordeaux on its shakedown cruise with a Danish crew in June 1864. However, the Danish refused to accept the ship due to price disagreements with the shipbuilder L'Arman.
[2] L'Arman subsequently secretly resold the ship by January 1865 to the Confederacy while still at sea.
France regained normal diplomatic relations with the United States in 1866, when Napoléon III decided to withdraw his troops from
Mexico.