The
Sierra Leone Creole people (or
Krio people in the Krio language) is an
ethnic group in
Sierra Leone. The Creole people are
descendants of freed
African American,
West Indian, and
Liberated African slaves who settled in the
Western Area of Sierra Leone between 1787 and about 1885. The
colony was established by the
British, supported by
abolitionists, under the
Sierra Leone Company as a place for
freedmen. The settlers called their new settlement
Freetown.
[2] Today, the Creoles comprise 1.3% of the population of Sierra Leone.
[1]
Like their
Americo-Liberian neighbors and sister ethnic group in
Liberia, Creoles have varying degrees of
European ancestry due to the close historical relations between the ethnicities through decades of indenture, slavery and sexual abuse, and voluntary unions and marriages in North America. Some have Native American ancestry as well. In Sierra Leone, some of the settlers intermarried with other English or Europeans. Through the
Jamaican Maroons, some Creoles probably also have indigenous Jamaican Amerindian
Taíno ancestry.
[3] The
Americo-Liberians and the Creoles are the only recognised ethnic group of African-American, Liberated African, and West Indian descent in
West Africa. The Creole culture is primarily
westernized. The only Sierra Leonean ethnic group whose culture is similar (in terms of its integration of
Western culture) are the
Sherbro, who had developed close connections with Europeans and English traders from the early years of contact. The Creoles as a class developed close relationships with the
British colonial power; they became educated in British institutions and advanced to prominent leadership positions in Sierra Leone under British
colonialism. Due to this history, the vast majority of Sierra Leone Creoles have European first names and/or surnames. Many have both British first names and surnames.
The vast majority of Creoles reside in
Freetown and its surrounding
Western Area region of Sierra Leone.
[4] They are also Christian.[
citation needed] From their mix of peoples, the Creoles developed what is now the native
Krio language (a mixture of
English, indigenous West African languages, and other European languages). It has been widely used for trade and communication among ethnic groups and is the most widely spoken language in Sierra Leone.
[5]
Scholars have debated whether the Oku people are Creoles although some scholars consider the
Oku people to be
Creoles[
citation needed]. However, Oku scholars such as Olumbe Bassir and Ramatoulie O. Othman distinguish between the Oku and the Creoles: The latter are a mixture of various African ethnic groups with some European and Amerindian ancestry, who brought Western culture with them and absorbed more from British colonial officials. By contrast, the Oku are principally of
Yoruba descent and have traditionally maintained strong Yoruba and Muslim traditions. They also have more traditional African culture, and widely practice formal
polygamy and, to a significant extent, practice
female genital mutilation.
The Creoles settled across West Africa in the nineteenth century in communities such as Limbe, Cameroon, Conakry, Guinea, Banjul, Gambia, Lagos, Nigeria, Abeokuta, Calabar, Accra, Ghana, Cape Coast, Fernando Pó. The Krio language of the Creole people influenced other pidgins such as Cameroonian Pidgin English, Nigerian Pidgin English, and Pichinglis. Thus, the Aku people of the Gambia, the Saro of Nigeria, Fernandino people of Equatorial Guinea, are sub-ethnic groups or direct descendants of the Sierra Leone Creole people